Main trends in the development of international trade. Main trends in the development of world trade

Current trends in the development of world trade:

The dynamics of international trade are characterized by high rates of development

With overall growth foreign trade its dynamics in individual countries and regions are different

Foreign trade is growing at a faster rate than the overall rate of domestic economic development of countries

Export and import quotas of many countries have increased

The geographical configuration of world trade in the post-war period is characterized asymmetrically. The share of developed countries in world exports is 70-75%, developing countries - 20%, former socialist countries - 10%.

Leading role in international trade - USA, EU, Japan.

48.1% of trade turnover - G7

Growth trends vary across all regions of the developing world:

The share of NIS in Southeast Asia in global exports is growing: in terms of total foreign trade volume, South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia

China's share is increasing: the value increased from $24 billion to $325 billion. $

Tends to reduce the role of African countries

The share of developing countries in Latin America is decreasing, with the exception of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Chile.

The share of Russia in the 20th century. - 1% of world exports and 0.8% of world imports

The main flow of international trade comes from mutual trade between developed countries (? 67%)

27% - trade between developed and developing countries

6% for developed and developing countries on the one hand and countries with transition economies on the other.

The commodity structure of world trade is changing:

The flow of goods involved in international trade is diversifying

The share of finished products in international trade is increasing

International trade in chemical products has increased

The share of international trade in raw materials and fuels is declining

In world trade, the share of all food products is decreasing

There is an emerging trend of growth in textiles and clothing in global exports.

Foreign trade is the main form of world economic relations. In terms of dynamics and value indicators, it is ahead of the growth of world production, the movement of capital and other types of foreign economic relations, which is one of the the most important characteristics modern world economy. The growth rate of international export-import transactions exceeds the growth rate of the main segments of world production, incl. industrial goods, mineral raw materials and agricultural products.

The increasing importance of trade in the world economy, as well as its intensive development, is due to the objective process of globalization and the increasing interdependence of most countries of the world. The intensification of world trade was facilitated by significant progress in the development of the international division of labor.

In the field of trade exchanges, international regimes and multilateral agreements were developed within the framework of the WTO - international organization, which operated on the basis of a multilateral treaty establishing the principles and rules of world trade. The activities of the WTO are aimed at liberalizing export-import transactions and, in particular, at reducing and eliminating tariff and non-tariff barriers.

A further increase in international trade was facilitated by significant liberalization of the foreign trade policies of developing countries, the expansion of trade between them and, in addition, the preservation of favorable conditions in the markets for industrial products in many developing and newly industrialized countries. The revolution in the field of information technology and telecommunications was also significant.

Export value of office and telecommunications equipment since the early 1990s. almost doubled and reached almost 15% of the total value of world trade in 1998.

An important factor in the growth of world trade is the significant increase in re-exports of manufactured goods manufactured in developing countries using components and materials imported under trade agreement systems.

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the structure of world trade. In particular, the share of communications and information technology services has increased significantly, while at the same time the share of trade in commodities and agricultural products has decreased.

Certain changes are also taking place in geographical distribution world trade. Trade in developing countries is gradually growing, but the volume of trade flows from newly industrialized countries is increasing at a particularly rapid pace.

Among countries with economies in transition, China's foreign trade is developing more dynamically, which has allowed the country to enter the top ten largest trading powers in the world.

At the same time, a significant part of world trade turnover - about a third of world export-import transactions - is still accounted for by leading industrialized countries (USA, Germany and Japan). Among the largest trading countries the world includes France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium.

34. Main characteristics of Russia’s foreign trade activities.

FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES are entrepreneurial activities in the field of international exchange of goods, works, services, information, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them (intellectual property).

In Russia, in order to stimulate the growth of the national economy, the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the legislation, promote the development of foreign trade activities, including through the implementation of Federal and regional programs development of foreign trade activities. Federal program development of foreign trade activities is developed annually by the Government of the Russian Federation. This program contains: 1) trade balance forecast as component balance of payments of the Russian Federation; 2) assessment current state and problems of trade and economic relations of the Russian Federation with foreign countries; 3) a plan for external borrowings of the Russian Federation with a detailed description of the intended use of foreign loans; 4) a plan for export loans provided using funds from the Federal budget or under guarantees of the Government of the Russian Federation; 5) plan for servicing the external debt of the Russian Federation; 6) plan for revenues from servicing the debts of foreign states to the Russian Federation; 7) a list of measures of state foreign trade regulation, customs tariff duty rates and the limits of their possible change, quantitative restrictions on exports and imports, measures to protect the domestic market; 8) a list of measures to stimulate industrial exports for the corresponding year; 9) a register of cases of discrimination and violations of bilateral and multilateral obligations committed against Russian persons in the markets of individual states, and a list of measures taken and planned to protect the legitimate trade and economic interests of the Russian Federation.

Export of energy resources will remain one of the main directions of Russia’s foreign trade activities until 2020.

Main trends in the development of world trade

International economic relations characterize the forms of communication and methods of influence of all countries of the world in the field of economic cooperation in the world economic system. The structure of international economic relations, reflecting international relations, includes the following real processes:

International trade in goods and services;

International movement of capital, technology and foreign investment;

International labor migration;

International trade in financial instruments (currency, securities, loans) and international payments;

International relations in the field of information, R&D, etc.

Economic policy of the state;

Let's start the course with world trade. World trade is the sphere of international commodity-money relations, a specific form of exchange of goods and services between buyer and seller different countries. Main trends in the development of world trade˸

Rapid updating of the product range associated with the emergence of knowledge-intensive industries and high-tech sectors on the product markets;

The deepening of the international division of labor and specialization increases the exchange of parts and assemblies that are manufactured at enterprises in different countries. The final product is the result of specialization, cooperation and foreign trade;

Trade in results occupies a special place in modern world trade. intellectual property˸ patents, know-how, licenses;

The volume of trade between developed countries with approximately the same scientific and technological potential has increased significantly;

The role has increased transnational corporations(TNK). They account for more than 60% of foreign trade.

World trade characterized by three indicators˸

Foreign trade turnover

Commodity structure

Geographical structure

Foreign trade turnover is the sum of the values ​​of exports and imports of a country. The value volume is calculated for a certain period of time at current prices using current exchange rates. The physical volume of foreign trade is calculated in constant prices and allows making the necessary comparisons and determining the real dynamics.

Commodity structure of world trade by the beginning of the 21st century. has undergone significant changes˸

The share of food, raw materials and fuel decreased from 2/3 of world trade turnover (the first half of the twentieth century) to ¼ of trade turnover.

The share of manufacturing products increased from 1/3 to ¾ of trade turnover.

More than 1/3 of all world trade is currently trade in machinery and equipment.

The exchange of services of a scientific, technical, commercial, financial and credit nature, etc. has increased significantly.

New types of services have appeared: engineering, leasing, consulting, information and computing services.

Geographical structure of world trade.

IN international practice All countries of the world are divided into three main groups: developed countries with market economies, countries with transition economies and developing countries.

According to the classification of the IMF research service, 29 countries are classified as developed, the same number as transitional, and 125 as developing countries.

Main trends in the development of world trade - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Main trends in the development of world trade" 2015, 2017-2018.

Dynamics of international trade development

Since the second half of the 20th century, when international exchange, as defined by M. Pebro, becomes “explosive,” world trade has been developing at a high pace. In the period 1950-1998. world exports increased 16 times. According to Western experts, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be characterized as a “golden age” in the development of international trade. In the 70s, world exports fell to 5%, falling further in the 80s. In the late 80s he showed a noticeable revival. Since the second half of the 20th century, uneven dynamics of foreign trade have emerged. In the 90s, Western Europe was the main center of international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than US exports. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to become a leader in terms of competitiveness. During the same period, the “new industrial countries” of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan - joined it. However, by the mid-90s, the United States again took a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Exports of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion. US dollars. The share of the goods group is 80% services 20% of total trade in the world.

At the present stage, international trade plays an important role in the economic development of countries, regions, and the entire world community:

· foreign trade has become a powerful factor of economic growth;

· countries' dependence on international trade has increased significantly.

Main factors influencing the growth of international trade:

· development of the international division of labor and internationalization of production;

· activities of transnational corporations TNCs;

The development of modern MT occurs under the influence of general processes occurring in the global economy. The economic recession that affected all groups of countries, the Mexican and Asian financial crises, and the growing size of internal and external imbalances in many, including developed, countries could not but cause unevenness in the development of international trade and a slowdown in its growth rate in the 1990s. At the beginning of the 21st century. The growth rate of world trade turnover increased, and in 2000–2005. it increased by 41.9%.

The world market is characterized by trends associated with the further internationalization of the world economy and its globalization. They are manifested in the growing role of international trade in the development of the world economy, and foreign trade in the development of national economies. The first is confirmed by the increase in the elasticity coefficient of world trade turnover (more than doubled compared to the mid-1980s), and the second by the increase in export and import quotas for most countries.

“Openness”, “interdependence” of economies, “integration” are becoming key concepts for the world economy and international trade. This happened largely under the influence of TNCs, which truly became centers of coordination and engines of global exchange of goods and services. Within themselves and among themselves, they created a network of relationships that went beyond the borders of states. As a result, about 1/3 of all imports and up to 3/5 of trade in machinery and equipment are intra-corporate trade and represent the exchange of intermediate products (components). The consequence of this process is the barterization of international trade and the growth of other types of countertrade transactions, which already account for up to 30% of all international trade. This part of the world market loses purely commercial features and turns into so-called quasi-trade. It is serviced by specialized intermediary firms, banking and financial institutions. At the same time, the nature of competition in the global market and the structure of competitive factors are changing. The development of economic and social infrastructure, the presence of a competent bureaucracy, a strong educational system, a sustainable policy of macroeconomic stabilization, quality, design, style of product design, timely deliveries, and after-sales service come to the fore. As a result, countries are clearly stratified on the global market based on technological leadership. Fortune favors those countries that have new competitive advantages, i.e. they are technology leaders. They are a minority in the world, but they receive the majority of FDI, which strengthens their technological leadership and competitiveness in the IR.

Significant changes are taking place in the commodity structure of the transport industry: the share of finished products has increased and the share of food and raw materials (excluding fuel) has decreased. This happened as a result further development Scientific and technological progress, which is increasingly replacing natural raw materials with synthetic ones, allows for the implementation of resource-saving technologies in production. At the same time, trade in mineral fuels (especially oil) and gas increased sharply. This is due to a complex of factors, including the development of the chemical industry, changes in the fuel and energy balance and an unprecedented increase in oil prices, which at the end of the decade, compared to its beginning, more than doubled.

In trade finished products the share of knowledge-intensive goods and high-tech products (microtechnology, chemical, pharmaceutical, aerospace, etc. products) is growing. This is especially clear in the exchange between developed countries - technological leaders. For example, in the foreign trade of the USA, Switzerland and Japan, the share of such products accounts for over 20%, Germany and France - about 15%.

The geographical structure of international trade has also changed quite noticeably, although the “West-West” sector is still decisive for its development, which accounts for about 70% of world trade turnover, and within this sector the leading role is played by a dozen (USA, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden).

At the same time, trade between developed countries and developing countries is growing more dynamically. This is due to a whole range of factors, not last place among which is the disappearance of an entire cluster of countries in transition. According to the UNCTAD classification, all of them became developing countries (except for 8 CEE countries that joined the EU on May 1, 2004). According to UNCTAD estimates, DCs were the engine of development of the transport industry in the 1990s. They remain so at the beginning of the 21st century. This is due to the fact that although RS markets are less capacious than RES markets, they are more dynamic and therefore more attractive to their developed partners, especially TNCs. At the same time, the purely agricultural and raw material specialization of most RS is complemented by the transfer to them of functions of supplying industrial centers with material-intensive and labor-intensive products from manufacturing industries, based on the use of cheaper labor. These are often the most environmentally polluting industries. TNCs contribute to the growth of share finished products in RS exports, however, the commodity structure of trade in this sector remains predominantly raw materials (70–80%), which makes it very vulnerable to price fluctuations on the world market and deteriorating terms of trade.

In the trade of developing countries, there are a number of very acute problems that arise primarily due to the fact that the main factor of their competitiveness is price, and the terms of trade that change not in their favor inevitably lead to an increase in its imbalance and less intensive growth. Eliminating these problems involves optimizing the commodity structure of foreign trade based on diversification industrial production, eliminating the technological backwardness of countries, which makes their export of finished products uncompetitive, increasing the activity of countries in trade in services.

Modern transport industry is characterized by a tendency towards the development of trade in services, especially business ones (engineering, consulting, leasing, factoring, franchising, etc.). If in 1970 the volume of world exports of all services (including all types of international and transit transport, foreign tourism, Banking services etc.) amounted to 80 billion dollars, then in 2005 - about 2.2 trillion. dollars, i.e. almost 28 times more.

At the same time, the growth rate of exports of services is slowing down and significantly lags behind the growth rate of exports of goods. So, if for 1996–2005. The average annual export of goods and services almost doubled compared to the previous decade, then in 2001–2005. The average annual growth in exports of goods was 3.38%, and of services - 2.1%. As a result, the share of services in the total volume of world trade turnover is stagnating: in 1996 it was 20%, in 2000 - 19.6%, in 2005 - 20.1%. The leading positions in this trade in services are occupied by RDREs, accounting for about 80% of the total volume of international trade in services, which is due to their technological leadership.

The global market for goods and services is characterized by trends associated with the further internationalization of the world economy. In addition to the growing role of trade and trade in the development of the world economy, the transformation of foreign trade into an integral part of the national reproduction process, there is a clear tendency towards its further liberalization. This is confirmed not only by a decrease in the average level of customs duties, but also by the elimination (softening) of quantitative restrictions on imports, the expansion of trade in services, the change in the nature of the world market itself, which now receives not so much surplus national production of goods, but pre-agreed deliveries of goods produced specifically for a specific consumer goods.

12.)))Government regulation of international trade: tariff and non-tariff methods of regulation.
Government regulation of international trade can be:

* One-sided, when instruments government regulation used by the government of the country in unilaterally without the approval or consultation of its trading partners. Typically, unilateral measures are applied in response to similar steps by other countries and lead to political tensions between trading partners (imposition of duties on certain goods, introduction of import quotas, etc.).

* Bilateral when trade policies are agreed upon between countries that are trading partners. For example, by mutual agreement of each party, conventional duties can be introduced that do not infringe on the interests of the other; countries can agree technical requirements to labeling, packaging, negotiate mutual recognition of quality certificates, etc.

* Multilateral, when trade policies are agreed upon and regulated by multilateral agreements. Examples of multilateral policies include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), trade agreements of member countries of the European Union (EU).

Trade policy: liberalism and protectionism

Free trade- a policy of minimal government intervention in foreign trade, which develops on the basis of free market forces of supply and demand.

Protectionism- state policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition through the use of tariff and non-tariff trade policy instruments.

The development of protectionist trends allows us to distinguish several forms of protectionism:

* selective protectionism - directed against individual countries or individual goods;

* Sectoral protectionism - protects certain industries primarily Agriculture, within the framework of agricultural protectionism;

* collective protectionism - carried out by associations of countries in relation to countries that are not members of them;

* hidden protectionism - carried out by methods of domestic economic policy.

Research on the topic of international trade in services faces significant methodological difficulties associated with defining the essence of the concept. Until relatively recently, there was no consensus on what exactly service, and even now in the expert community there is no unity in the definition of this term. In various reviews, textbooks, in dictionaries you can come across a fairly wide range of views on this concept.

For the most part, experts base their reasoning on the opposition of the concepts of “goods” and “services”: it is noted that, unlike goods, services are intangible, short-lived, cannot be warehoused and stored, are intangible, etc.

A number of analysts define services as a specific product of labor that does not acquire a material form and whose use value, unlike the material product of labor, lies in the useful result of labor. Professor R.I. Khasbulatov writes in this regard that services related to consumer goods are not much different from labor process; “it contains all five elements of labor: means of labor, subject of labor, technology, organization and labor itself as a purposeful human activity.”

Fedyakina L.N. in his very complete and modern textbook addressed to students, proposes the following concept: “services are benefits provided through various types activities aimed directly at the consumer and at his request.”

Professor Platonova I.N. notes: “services serve as heterogeneous units that are produced to order and include changes in the conditions of consumption, sold on the basis of the activities of producers taking into account consumer demand. Upon completion of the production process, they are provided to consumers.

The IMF gives the following interpretation: “services are the result production activities which changes the state of consuming units or facilitates the exchange of products or financial assets."

The verdict is in the words of M. Castells: “The only common feature that unites activities in the service sector is that there is no such feature.”

A huge amount of expert work was done during the preparation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which made it possible to identify the most general qualitative sign of service associated with the fact that their production - this is a type of activity, a result (or product) which is aimed at meeting the needs of other persons on the basis of contractual relations between the manufacturer and the consumer of services, with the exception of activities carried out on the basis of labor relations. This approach made it possible to create a Classification of Services, which served as the basis for future negotiations on the liberalization of trade in services, the development of public policy and other practical purposes.

An important result of the activities of GATS experts was the definition of the concept of “international trade in services”, as well as overcoming the contradiction between the so-called tradable (capable of international exchange) and non-tradable (not subject to exchange due to their nature), as a result of which most of the services produced and consumed on the domestic market, was classified as non-tradable. This approach was due to the fact that the very concept of “trade” was usually associated with cross-border exchange, when the producer and consumer of the object of exchange were on opposite sides of the customs border, and the object itself crossed this border (for example, postal parcels). If a service was provided and consumed without crossing a border, then it was perceived as non-tradable. This category included hotel, restaurant, utility, educational, social, personal, health services, etc., as unable to move abroad. Meanwhile, in the modern globalizing world, which is characterized by active cross-border movement of all factors of production, most types of services have also become the object of international exchange.

As a result, the expert community managed to come to an agreement that services become tradable if they are supplied in one of four ways:

• - cross-border supply;
• - consumption abroad;
• - commercial presence;
• - moving individuals.

It is obvious that in modern world The role of services in the development of all countries and the world economy is growing. In 2015, they accounted for about 70% of global GDP, up from 53% in 1980 and 63% in 1995. Thus, over the past 20 years, the participation of the service sector in the formation of the global gross product has increased by 7 percentage points. This trend of growing influence of the service sector was observed in all countries, although with different dynamics. The share of services in GDP in high-income countries is close to 80%, in middle-income countries it is close to 60%, and even in low-income countries it is close to 50%. However, within each of these groups, the degree of participation of services in the formation of GDP varies greatly across countries. The largest share of services in GDP was observed (%): in Gibraltar - 100, Hong Kong - 92.3, Luxembourg - 86. The participation of services in GDP was high (%): France - 79, Greece - 78.5, Cyprus -79.3 , Canada - 78, Italy - 73.3, Germany - 71.3. In the BRICS countries, this figure was (%): in Brazil - 67.5, Russia - 62.0, India - 55.3, China - 43.6, South Africa - 65.8. In low-income countries, the share of services in GDP varies widely (%): in Jamaica - 64.6, in Haiti - 57, Ghana -37.4, Mali - 38, Nigeria - 35.2, Algeria - 30.2 , Angola - 24.6, Sierra Leone - 21, Equatorial Guinea - 3.8.

The growing influence of the service sector is accompanied by an increase in the number of people employed in this area. The highest value of this indicator is typical for: the USA - 81% of the total number of employed, Luxembourg - 81, Great Britain - 79, Denmark and Norway - 78 each, the Netherlands - 72, Japan - 70%. In the BRICS countries: Brazil - 61%, Russia -58, India - 27, China - 33, South Africa - 70%. In low-income countries, this sector typically employs less than a third of the population. For example, in Cambodia - 19%, Uganda - 28, Vanuatu - 31%.

As for the pace of development of world trade in services, in recent years they have outpaced the growth rate trade in goods. From 1980 to 2015, the volume of trade in goods increased 8.2 times, and in services - 13.5 times; when compared with 1990, this figure will look like 5.4 and 6.5 times, when compared with 2000 we get the result of 2.9 and 3.3 times.

A comparison of the volumes of world exports of services in relation to exports of goods reveals that this ratio has increased over the past 20 years, reaching 29% by 2015 (Fig. 5).

Figure 5 - Dynamics of world exports of goods and services.

Thousand US dollars

Source: compiled from URL:

Until relatively recently, most international trade in services was concentrated in a group of developed countries. The last decade has seen the active inclusion of developing countries in this sector. According to data for 2015, their share accounted for 31.0% of world exports of services, despite the fact that in 2000 this figure was 23%, and in 1990 - 18.3%.

The participation of developing countries in world imports is even higher: in 2015 - 39%, while in 2000 it was at the level of 27.4%, in 1990 - 22.2%. As for the countries in transition, their share in both world exports and imports of services is small, in 2015 - about 3.0% of both world exports and imports (See Table 6, Fig. 6).

Figure 6 - World exports of services by group of countries in 2010 and 2015, million dollars.

Source: compiled from URL:

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx

The rapid growth of trade in services in developing countries was facilitated by a number of interrelated factors of an external and internal nature. The most important of them include the growth of internationalization and transnationalization of the service sector itself and the transfer of many industries and activities associated with these processes to the territory of developing countries with the active participation of transnational corporations (TNCs); achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of transport, telecommunications and computer science and the associated wide spread of new types entrepreneurial activity in the field of services such as information, consulting services, outsourcing, leasing, etc.; the decisive role of the financial sector in the development of all sectors of the economy; strengthening the trend of trade and investment liberalization; a new round in the development of integration processes - the formation of new groupings, transformation of traditional ones, etc.

Exports of services have become a major source of income for many developed and developing countries. For example, exports of services from Luxembourg reach 180% of GDP, the Netherlands - 96, Singapore - 90.4, Lebanon - 84.5, Aruba - 83, Equatorial Guinea - 73.1, Barbados - 69.1, Ireland - 63%.

The structure of world trade in services, as we noted, is quite diversified. However, international statistics currently distinguishes the three largest items - services related to trade in goods, travel (tourism) and transport services, classifying other activities as “other commercial”. Since the latter category includes all business, information, telecommunications, financial and other types of new services, its share in total trade is growing. In the 1980s "other" accounted for 34% of world service exports, in 1990 - 37.7%, in 2000 - 44.7%, and in 2015 - 53.1%. The share of transport services has decreased since 1990, respectively, from 23.2% to 18.1%, and tourism from 32.1 to 25.5%.

Table 6 - International trade in services by group countries, billion dollars_

Source: URL:

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx

This trend is especially pronounced in developed countries, where the share of other commercial services in 2015 was 60.1 % - in exports and 57.0% in imports. In developing countries this figure was 40% in both exports and imports.

Figure 7 - Structure of exports of services in 2005 and 2015, % Source: compiled from URL:

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx

Thus, trade in “other services”, which include, as we noted, financial, telecommunications, computer, personal and others - just a few hundred modern types of services, the list of which is constantly expanding, is developing at a faster pace compared to the export and import of traditional types services. The year 2015 is indicative, which is characterized by a decrease in world trade volumes in all items, despite the fact that the decrease in the “other services” position turned out to be minimal: with a decrease in exports of transport services by 9.9% and services related to servicing trade in goods - by 5.9%, supplies of other services decreased by 5.5% (Table 7).

Table 7 - Structure of international trade in services by types and groups of countries in 2014 and 2015, billion dollars_

Countries in transition

The developed countries

Source: compiled from URL:

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx

As noted above, the bulk of trade in services occurs in developed countries.

Thus, the export of services from the EU countries in 2015 amounted to $2235.0 billion, the USA - 710.2 billion, Japan - $162.2 billion. Among developing countries, the largest volume falls on Asian countries - $1226.5 billion, including: India - 156.3, Singapore - 139.6, China - 286.5, Hong Kong (PRC) - 104.5. Exports of African countries - $102.3 billion. Exports of services from CIS countries - $92.2 billion.

In the world export of services related to servicing trade in goods, 52.6% comes from the EU, 12.4% from the US and 14.5% from China. In export transport services the countries of North America account for 10.9%, Europe - 43.3%, in world imports respectively - 29.9% and 10.7%. The share of Asian countries in the export of transport services is growing - 26.6%, in imports - 34.5%. The share of the countries of South and Central America in the global services market is small - 3.1 and 4.5%, respectively, Africa - 3.1% in exports and 2.3% in imports. At the same time, developed countries act as net exporters of transport services, while developing countries mostly import these services.

In the field of export tourism services the share of North American countries is 17.1%, in the field of imports - 13.3%. The share of EU countries in exports is 34.3% and imports 36.2%, Asia in exports is 30.0% and imports -30.9%, the countries of South and Central America are 4.4 and 4.3%, respectively. The participation of countries in the Near and Middle East was 4.2% in exports of tourism services and 7.5% in imports. The share of African countries is 4.2 and 2.2%, respectively.

In export other commercial services The participation of North American countries is also predominant - 17.7% in exports and 12.9% in imports and the EU - 48.0% in exports and 45.0% in imports. The share of Asian countries in world exports of other commercial services is 23.0% and in imports - 24.6%, the countries of South and Central America - 2.2 and 3.0%, respectively. The participation of the countries of the Near and Middle East was 1.7% in exports and 3.0% in imports of services, and Africa in world exports and imports was about 1.0 and 1.2%.

As we noted, the number of services cannot be accurately counted, and among “other” commercial services, international experts, for analytical purposes, identify a dozen of the largest groups. Among them, computer and telecommunication services, financial and insurance services, and services related to the sale of intellectual property rights stand out due to their volume (Table 8).

Table 8 - World exports of selected types of commercial services in 2014 and 2015, billion US dollars_

Source: compiled from URL:

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx

The reduction in cost of services and their technical accessibility, the increase in the speed of information and telecommunication technologies have opened up completely new horizons for the development of many countries of the world, improving the quality of their economic and social life. The factors of time and distance have been practically eliminated, the world is increasingly perceived as a “global village”, a virtual market space is being created, information Technology are becoming a key element in increasing competitiveness and reducing production costs. In addition, they have a serious impact on the social sphere, becoming a source of revolutionary changes in the fields of culture, health, education, employment and leisure. Therefore, the country’s movement along the path of progress can be judged by the indicators of the population’s provision of communication means - landline and mobile phones, computers, access to the Internet. The generally accepted indicators characterizing the country’s development in this area are: the number of telephone lines per 100 residents of the country, mobile phones, Internet users, the total number of specified funds in the country, as well as penetration indices.

In 2015, according to the International Telecommunication Union, the number of mobile phones in the world almost reached the population - 7.2 billion units, and the actual users of mobile communications are 4.9 billion people. The largest number of mobile communications users were in China - 1295 million subscribers and India - 930 million subscribers. In Western Europe, where almost the entire population uses mobile communications, the number of connections is 540 million, in North America - 390. Great progress in this area is noted in Latin America, where there are 725 million subscribers and in Africa - 930 million. The number of users in the Middle East is 390 million. As for the Internet, at the end of 2015 there were 3.2 billion people, i.e. 44% of the world's population had access to this modern means of communication. This process is especially important for developing, and most importantly, the poorest countries. In these countries, with the help of the mobile Internet, small businesses are currently being established and access to knowledge and modern technologies is provided. Currently, almost half - 1.1 billion Internet users - are in Asia, 519 million in Europe, 274 million in North America, 255 million in Latin America and the Caribbean, 167 million in Africa, 90 million in Middle East, 24.3 million - in Australia and Oceania. At the same time, in 2015 there were 674.5 million Internet users in China - more than in any other country in the world, almost 50% of the population is already covered. Enormous progress can be noted in India, Brazil, and even in such poor countries as Bangladesh and Nigeria, where the number of users has grown 538 and 462 times since 2000, respectively. This is very important factor, the impact of which could change the trajectory of development of the poorest countries. According to Strategy&(PwC), universal access to the Internet at the global level will allow 7% of the planet's population (500 million people) to overcome poverty and increase global GDP by $6.7 trillion. But for now, for many countries this is a matter of the future: in the least In developed countries, only 6.7% of households are connected to the Internet. In general, for developing countries this figure is 34.1%, in the Asia-Pacific countries - 39.0%, in Africa - 10.7%

The leader in the export of information, telecommunications and computer (ITC) services in 2014 was the EU countries - $256.8 billion, 62.7% of global exports of this group of services. In second place is the United States - $55.0 billion (13.8%), followed by China - $20.2 billion (4.5%), Switzerland - $12.0 billion (2.9%). Russia is in 9th place - $3.0 billion (0.9%). In the import of information, telecommunications and computer services in 2014, the EU’s share was 64.2% ($160.1 billion), followed by the USA with a share of 13.5% ($32.4 billion), followed by Switzerland. 5.2% ($13.2 billion), China - 3.1% ($10.8 billion). Russia was in 7th place in imports of ITK services - $6.8 billion, 2.5%.

The so-called is becoming a new phenomenon. mobile commerce or m-commerce - transactions carried out through Mobile Internet and smartphones. In general, this type of service is only gaining momentum, its share in ecommerce is 3% even in the USA, and in Europe - 7%. However, the number of smartphones is growing, and this allows us to expect an acceleration in the pace of development of m-commerce. Now China is in first place in the world in terms of the number of smartphones - 574.2 million, the USA is in second - 184.1 million, India is in third -167.9 million, Russia is in fourth -58.2 million, and it has already overtaken Japan, where 57.4 million are registered.

The importance of developing countries in global trade in ITC services is growing as their economic weight strengthens. This is typical for such Asian countries as China, India, South Korea, Hong Kong (PRC), Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, as well as Brazil and Mexico. However, the results they have achieved so far remain incomparable with those of developed countries. In addition, many developing countries are characterized by a negative balance in trade in services, while developed countries, as already mentioned, mostly act as net exporters of services.

As we see, international trade in services, which is developing at a fairly rapid pace, serves as a kind of instrument that ensures progress in the development of the international division of labor, the growth of specialization and cooperation of production. On the other hand, services have long become an independent sphere of international exchange, the importance of which is rapidly growing, paving the way for the development of trade in goods and the movement of capital. Another important aspect of the high role of the service sector in the development of the world economy is associated with its overall innovative nature. There is a more qualified workforce in this area. The share of people with higher and specialized education is higher than in other sectors. In business services, more than a third have above-average qualifications, and in the computer services sector, 45% have higher education.

In Russia, the service sector has not yet received sufficient development. Foreign trade in services still lags behind the growth rate of trade in goods. The ratio of the value of exports of services to the value of exports of goods is declining and currently stands at about 11%, while in the world, as we indicated, this figure has reached 29%.

The dynamics of development of trade in services in Russia differs from global trends. If in the world the growth rate of trade in services outstrips the rate of trade in goods, then in Russian reality the situation is the opposite. During the period from 2000 to 2015, the value of exports of goods increased by 5.3 times, exports of services - by 4.6 times. The ratio of exports of services to exports of goods is decreasing: in 1995 it was 12.7%, in 2015 - 12.0%. Unlike trade in goods, trade in services in Russia has a negative balance. In 2015 it amounted to $37.0 billion (in 2011 - $35.9 billion). Moreover, it was most significant for items related to the provision of tourism, construction, financial, insurance, and most business services.

In 2015, Russia's foreign trade in services decreased, although to a lesser extent than in goods: the decline in exports was 21.2% and in imports by 26.7%. The reasons for this decline were the same as for trade in goods: Western sanctions, which reduced access to financial services and modern technologies, the fall of the ruble exchange rate, rising prices, falling business activity and consumer demand, geopolitical problems.

In the international exchange of services, the main forms for Russia, unlike most developed countries, are cross-border trade in relation to exports, and consumption of services by individuals abroad in relation to imports. Share foreign companies on the territory of Russia providing services through a commercial presence is small. Also, the sale of services abroad through the commercial presence of Russian legal entities and individuals is not developed. Thus, both in the structure of supplies and in their methods, Russia’s trade in services does not reflect the progressive changes that are taking place at the global level.

In the structure of Russian exports and imports of services, transport services and travel have the largest share, however, as throughout the world, their share tends to decrease. In 1995, the share of transport services in total exports of services was 35%, travel - 40.6%; in 2005 - 36 and 23%; in 2012 - 31 and 17%, in 2015

33.0 and 16%. In 2015, exports of transport services fell by 18.1% compared to the level of 2014, and exports of travel by 26%.

As for the import of services, in 1995 the share of transport services was 16%, the share of trips was 57%. After 10 years in 2005, it amounted to transport services 13%, on trips - 44%; in 2012

15 and 39.3%, in 2015 - 13 and 40%, respectively. In 2015, compared to the previous year, imports fell by 25% for transport services and by 26% for travel.

In Russia, as throughout the world, trade in other services is growing rapidly. If total trade in services increased over the period from 2000 to 2015 in terms of exports by 4.6 times and in terms of imports by 5.4 times, then trade in other business services increased over this period by 13 times in terms of exports and 9.8 times times for imports.

In the geographical structure of Russian trade in services, as in trade in goods, non-CIS countries predominate, but the participation of this segment is more noticeable: it accounts for 83% of exports and 93% of imports. The largest share belongs to the European Union. About 10% comes from North America, 8% from Asia. By country, the largest volumes in 2014 fell on (billion dollars): Great Britain (exports -4.5, imports -6.2), USA (3.7 and 6.7), Germany (4.2 and 7.5), Cyprus (3.0 and 5.6), the Netherlands (1.7 and 3.5). Exports to China amounted to $1.5 billion, imports from this country - $2.1 billion. With all these countries, the balance of trade in services is negative (Table 9).

Table 9 - Russia’s foreign trade in services in 2015 (by international standards) balance of payments method), million US dollars_

International economic relations characterize the forms of communication and methods of influence of all countries of the world in the field of economic cooperation in the world economic system. The structure of international economic relations, reflecting international relations, includes the following real processes:

International trade in goods and services;

International movement of capital, technology and foreign investment;

International labor migration;

International trade in financial instruments (currency, securities, loans) and international payments;

International relations in the field of information, R&D, etc.

Economic policy of the state;

Let's start the course with world trade. World trade is the sphere of international commodity-money relations, a specific form of exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers of different countries. Main trends in the development of world trade:

Rapid updating of the product range associated with the emergence of knowledge-intensive industries and high-tech sectors on the product markets;

The deepening of the international division of labor and specialization increases the exchange of parts and assemblies that are manufactured at enterprises in different countries. The final product is the result of specialization, cooperation and foreign trade;

A special place in modern world trade is occupied by trade in the results of intellectual property: patents, know-how, licenses;

The volume of trade between developed countries with approximately the same scientific and technological potential has increased significantly;

The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) has increased. They account for more than 60% of foreign trade.

World trade is characterized by three indicators:

Foreign trade turnover

Commodity structure

Geographical structure

Foreign trade turnover is the sum of the values ​​of exports and imports of a particular country. The value volume is calculated for a certain period of time at current prices using current rates. The physical volume of foreign trade is calculated in constant prices and allows making the necessary comparisons and determining the real dynamics.

Commodity structure of world trade by the beginning of the 21st century. has undergone significant changes:

The share of food, raw materials and fuel decreased from 2/3 of world trade turnover (the first half of the twentieth century) to ¼ of trade turnover.

The share of manufacturing products increased from 1/3 to ¾ of trade turnover.

More than 1/3 of all world trade is currently trade in machinery and equipment.

The exchange of services has increased significantly: scientific and technical, commercial, financial and credit, etc.

New types of services have appeared: engineering, leasing, consulting, information and computing services.

Geographical structure of world trade.

In international practice, all countries of the world are divided into three main groups: developed countries with market economies, countries with transition economies and developing countries.

According to the classification of the IMF research service, 29 countries are classified as developed, the same number as transitional, and 125 as developing countries.

Developed countries account for 56.3% of world GDP and 75.1% of world exports of goods and services. They are home to only 15.4% of the world's population. Developing countries cover 78% of the world's inhabitants, produce only 37.6% of world GDP, and export only 20.3% of the world's goods and services. Among developed countries, the leader is the United States, whose share in world GDP is 21.4% of the world; among developing countries is China, whose GDP is 12.1% of the world. Russia retains leadership only among countries with transition policies. Russian GDP accounts for 2.6% of the world's GDP; Russian citizens make up only 2.4% of the planet's population.

As evidenced by the facts, in the structure of the world economy there is a fairly clearly visible center and periphery.

Hierarchical structure world economy does not mean a given distribution of places once and for all. There is a process of gradual penetration of individual countries of the periphery into the center. Prominent among them are the so-called newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, etc.) and some Latin American countries (Brazil, Argentina), which are on the verge of joining the group of industrialized countries.

The deepening interdependence of the countries of the center and the periphery, despite all the contradictions of this process, will increasingly contribute to the integration of national economies into the world economy.

The classification of countries adopted in 1980 requires a more differentiated approach. The main differences between “developed” and “less developed” countries largely appear in per capita income. The level of per capita income is an indicator of the degree of industrial and socio-economic development of a country.

The poorest countries, which are still called undeveloped, are characterized by a low degree of industrialization, limited mechanization of agricultural production, low capital-labor ratio and low per capita income. These countries are home to 27% of the world's population and account for 6% of global income. MOST OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THE EDGE OF EXHAUSTION: per capita income is generally 6-7% of that in the United States. The poorest countries are located in Africa - Somalia, Ethiopia, Ghana, etc.

The group of developing countries themselves are poor, but accumulating capital and developing their industry and market economic mechanisms. They have fairly large urban populations and stable, although not high, growth in per capita income. Their per capita income varies between 10-30% of the US level. The countries of this group are located on all continents and include some of the countries of the Middle East, India, Egypt, and Mexico. They make up 17% of the world's population, accounting for 11% of global income.

The group of newly industrialized countries is characterized by rapidly developing industry and dynamic per capita income, which reaches 50% of US levels. Examples of such countries include Trinidad, Israel, and South Korea. Together they make up 3% of the world's inhabitants and receive 3% of global income.

Developed countries have high-tech and highly specialized industries, which make it possible to obtain high incomes per capita. This includes the USA, Canada, Western European countries, Australia, Japan, New Zealand. Per capita incomes in these countries (except Switzerland) are slightly lower than in the United States.

About 33% of the world's population until recently lived in socialist countries and received approximately 28% of world income. Deep reforms towards a market economy carried out since the early 1990s have changed the status of these states. As you know, during the period 1992-2002, GDP in Russia decreased by 40%. Currently, as a result of foreign economic conditions, the situation is changing towards economic growth.