During the shift I produced 102 tons of coal. Alexey Stakhanov: the path from record to mental hospital

In Soviet times, the whole country knew the name of the founder of the Stakhanov movement, starting with schoolchildren. The ideologists of the Communist Party (which is “the mind, honor and conscience of our era”) knew their stuff. But, as often happened, they overdid it. They re-promoted it. Much has been distorted. In the last years of the existence of the USSR, the concept of “Stakhanov movement” even acquired a negative connotation among the people.

Back in 1935, Alexei Stakhanov chopped 14 shifts of coal (102 tons of coal) with a jackhammer during one shift. This still seems impossible, even purely physically. And then rumors began that people were working behind the scenes for Stakhanov, providing him with everything he needed. But the fact is that the norm was given for one miner, who had to both chop the coal and secure it behind him, and the imperfection of the organization was indirectly taken into account in the norm: the lack of timber for fastening the roof, the lack of empty cars, etc. And Stakhanov himself did not hide the fact that he did not work alone. He actually had two fixers (whose job was to fasten the roof behind the miner) and horse drivers (who drove the horses in the mine). But precisely due to the fact that everyone was doing their own work, it was possible to achieve high labor productivity. If we divide the mined coal among everyone who worked in Stakhanov’s brigade, it still turns out that each of them exceeded the norm by 2-4 times. Of course, such productive work also required preliminary preparation of the entire site: provision of fastening materials, underground transport (trolleys), and a reliable supply of compressed air for the operation of the jackhammer. Stakhanov himself was a skilled and physically strong worker. According to those who worked with him, even before the record, he could fulfill 2-3 standards without any problems.

The organization of such a record was precisely intended to show that ways to increase labor productivity must be sought in improving the organization of labor in the main and auxiliary processes.

Another thing is that this example began to be used thoughtlessly, only for the sake of record numbers and victorious reports. And this has already led to disruptions in the functioning of the entire mine organism as a whole, to violations in the technology of work, in the operation of equipment, greed and overwriting. Therefore, engineering and technical personnel often began to speak out against demonstrative records, records “for show.” But, in the thirties, this resulted in being classified as an “enemy of the people.” Layoffs began, and even trials of those who disagreed.

The initiative, picked up by propaganda, spread to other areas of industry. Followers appeared: weavers Vinogradovs, steelmaker Makar Mazai, locomotive depot driver Pyotr Krivonos, tractor driver Praskovya Angelina, etc. The movement acquired an all-Union scale and began to be called “Stakhanovist”. The Stakhanov movement was supported in the 60-80s, although the founder himself was slowly forgotten. Stakhanov himself contributed to oblivion. After working in Moscow, he was sent, essentially, into exile in Donbass. His family did not move with him. As a specialist, he turned out to be weak and therefore unnecessary. He was assigned to minor positions, as long as he was on the list and did not interfere. And having previously loved to drink, Stakhanov began to become an alcoholic. And, although in 1970 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, this could no longer change the overall picture. Stakhanov died and was buried in 1977 in the Donbass in the city of Torez.

At one of the mines in Donbass, at the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine, on the night of August 30-31, 1935, during a shift (5 hours 45 minutes), together with two bolters, Alexei Stakhanov produced 102 tons of coal, with the norm per miner being 7 tons, exceeding this norm by 14.5 times and setting a record. The success was significant. The reason for the success was the new division of labor. Until this day, several people worked simultaneously in the face, cutting down coal using jackhammers, and then, in order to avoid a collapse, strengthening the roof of the mine with logs. A few days before setting the record, in a conversation with miners, Stakhanov proposed radically changing the organization of labor in the face. The miner must be freed from fastening work so that he only chops coal. “If you divide the labor, you can chop not 9, but 70-80 tons of coal per shift,” noted Stakhanov. On August 30, 1935, at 10 o’clock in the evening, Stakhanov, the fixers Gavrila Shchigolev and Tikhon Borisenko, the head of the section Nikolai Mashurov, the party organizer of the mine Konstantin Petrov and the editor of the newspaper Mikhailov descended into the mine. The countdown time for the start of work has been turned on.

Alexey Stakhanov, 1938

Stakhanov worked confidently, masterfully cutting down coal seams. Shchigolev and Borisenko, who were behind him, were far behind. Despite the fact that Stakhanov had to cut 8 ledges, cutting a corner in each, which took a lot of time, the work was completed in 5 hours 45 minutes. When the results were calculated, it turned out that Stakhanov cut 102 tons, fulfilling 14 standards and earning 220 rubles.

This record proved the effectiveness of this method and contributed to changes in miners' labor technology. The date of the record was timed to coincide with International Youth Day. The example was followed in other Donbass mines, then in other areas of production. A movement of followers, the Stakhanovites, appeared, encouraged by the Communist Party.

The initiator of this was the party organizer of the mine K.G. Petrov. He also selected the performer, choosing him from several candidates, guided by their moral character, origin and enthusiasm. One of the candidates for the record shift was M.D. Dyukanov, who a few days later, with the assistance of the same Petrov, brought the record to 114 tons, but remained unnoticed.

In December 1935, the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to transform the “Stakhanov movement” into a movement of millions. It became the main form of socialist competition and quickly spread throughout the country.

Within a few months, almost every Soviet enterprise had its own Stakhanovites. The workers themselves aspired to become leaders.

Stakhanov Alexey Grigorievich - miner, innovator of the coal mining industry, assistant to the chief engineer of mine management No. 2 - 43 of the Torezantracite plant of the Ministry of the Coal Industry of the Ukrainian SSR. The “Stakhanov Movement” is named after him, the goal of which was to fight to increase the production rate of each worker, primarily in heavy and mining enterprises.

Born on January 3, 1906 (according to the old style - December 21, 1905) in the village of Lugovaya, Oryol region, into a peasant family. Russian. Member of the CPSU(b)/CPSU since 1936. He studied at a rural school, which he did not graduate from. In 1914-1926. worked as a laborer and was a shepherd. In 1927, he went to work at the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine in Kadievka, Lugansk region (Donbass) as a horse driver. Then he worked as a fastener, and from 1933 as a miner.

The Central-Irmino mine was one of the medium-sized, ordinary coal enterprises. She was in a breakthrough for a long time. The mine has undergone technical reconstruction. The butts were replaced by jackhammers, and the horses were replaced by electric locomotives. Already in 1935, in its faces there were 95 jackhammers, 4 compressors, 4 electric locomotives and many others. technical means. Over two thousand miners worked at the mine at that time.

For a number of reasons, in the second quarter of 1935, the mine’s performance deteriorated somewhat, as a result of which the plan for the first half of the year remained unfulfilled. Simply replacing the butts with jackhammers did not make any significant changes. As before, the miner, after working for 1-2 hours, put the hammer aside and took up the ax to strengthen the faces. The equipment was idle at that time while the miner worked on the support. The air compressor ran idle, the flow of coal from the lava stopped.

The miners were looking for new ways to break the gap. The mine managers, in consultation with the miners, visited their apartments and dormitories and talked about ways to improve the operation of the mine. Each proposal was studied and accepted for implementation. The needs of miners' families were identified, and then management helped meet them. The miners decided to hold a public competition for the best miner.

International Youth Day (Knowledge Day) was approaching, which the whole country then celebrated annually on September 1. It was decided to celebrate this day with a production record for one of the miners. The choice fell on miner Alexey Stakhanov from the Nikanor-Vostok section of horizon 450.

On August 30, 1935, at 10 o’clock in the evening, Stakhanov, the head of the section Mashurov, the party organizer of the mine and the editor of the mine circulation Mikhailov descended into the mine. The countdown time for the start of work has been turned on. Stakhanov confidently bit into the coal seam with the peak of a jackhammer. He chopped with exceptional energy and skill. Shchigolev and Borisenko, who were behind him, were far behind. And, despite the fact that Stakhanov had to cut 8 ledges, cutting a corner in each, which took a lot of time, the work was completed in 5 hours 45 minutes. When the result was calculated, everyone gasped: Stakhanov chopped 102 tons, fulfilling 14 standards and earning 220 rubles.

Thus, for the first time in the world, 102 tons of coal were mined during a shift. The news of Stakhanov's success spread throughout the country. The Pravda newspaper named the record of A.G. Stakhanov as the banner of the popular movement. Thus was born the powerful Stakhanov movement. At that time, Alexey Grigorievich was faced with a difficult task - to consolidate his success, to prove once again that 102 tons of coal per shift was not an accidental success, but a natural result new organization labor, hard work.

And Stakhanov again convincingly proved this. After 10 days, he produced 175 tons of coal per shift. Another decade later, this figure was exceeded by 52 tons, and on March 4, 1936, Stakhanov produced 324 tons per shift. The popularity of the new initiative gained national appreciation and widespread distribution in all industries and other types of activities.

On October 20, 1935, a rally of the capital’s Stakhanovites took place in Moscow. Five days later, a citywide rally of the city’s Stakhanovites opened at the Uritsky Palace of Culture in Leningrad. On November 14, 1935, the first All-Union meeting of Stakhanovites of industry and transport was held in Moscow, and on January 22, 1936, the first rally of Stakhanovites of Kuzbass was held. In 1935, Stakhanov visited the Pnevmatika plant in Leningrad.

Before Stakhanov's record maximum salary slaughterer was 500 rubles. per month, and in 1936 reached 1,600 rubles. The earnings of framers, horse-drivers, and workers in other specialties increased sharply. The supply of miners with food and industrial goods.

Stakhanov’s working pedagogy began from the first days of work in the mine. He learned the principles, methods and system of influence of the miners' collective on the formation of personality, a working person. He was a working teacher both for himself and for others. He created Stakhanov schools (author's schools) at the mine, in which about 300 people studied, 160 of them were miners of leading professions, in particular miners.

These schools taught special disciplines in mining, mathematics, Russian, history, physics, and geography. Attendance was excellent, as was academic performance. Subsequently, these schools increased significantly and functioned for many decades. For some time, Alexey Stakhanov worked as an industrial instructor of advanced methods at the mine. He persistently continued to teach miners at his school. He himself always wanted to study and free time I read a lot and wrote notes in my diary.

In 1937, Stakhanov was accepted into the Industrial Academy, from which he graduated in 1941, receiving a diploma mining engineer. The war required the strengthening of the coal front. In 1941-1942 he worked as a mine manager in the city of Karaganda, Kazakh SSR (now the Republic of Kazakhstan). Since 1943 - head of the sector for summarizing the experience of innovators and leaders in production at the USSR Ministry of Coal Industry. He often spoke to students at the Industrial Academy.

In 1957 he returned to Donbass. He worked as deputy manager of the Chistyakovoanthracite trust in the city of Chistyakov (now the city of Torez). In 1959-1974 - assistant to the chief engineer of mine management No. 2-43 of the Torezantracite plant.

By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 23, 1970, for great achievements in the development of mass socialist competition, for achieving high labor productivity and many years of activity in introducing advanced working methods in the coal industry Stakhanov Alexey Grigorievich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

In 1974 A.G. Stakhanov retired. Died on November 5, 1977. He was buried in the city cemetery in the city of Torez, Donetsk region.

Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin (12/8/1935, 09/23/1970), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (08/29/1953), medals, including “For Labor Valor” (09/04/1948).

On February 15, 1978, the city of Kadievka was renamed the city of Stakhanov in order to perpetuate the memory of the outstanding innovator of production Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov. In the same city, it was decided to build a monument to Stakhanov. Stakhanov’s name was given to two mines in the Donbass and Kuzbass, and to mining school No. 110 in the city of Torez, where A.G. performed many times. Stakhanov. 26 scholarships were established. A.G. Stakhanov for the best students of vocational schools of the republic. In the city of Irmino, a memorial sign was erected over the place where A.G. Stakhanov set his record, and in 2010 a monument to the creators of the Stakhanov movement was unveiled.

Composition:
A story about my life. M., 1938;
Let's revive our native Donbass. M., 1944.

Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov (right) and Konstantin Grigorievich Petrov

Alexei Stakhanov is one of those labor heroes of the Soviet era who have been “overthrown from their pedestal” in recent years. But is it fair?

On the night of August 31, 1935 Alexey Stakhanov, having passed all eight ledges, he set a world record by extracting 102 tons of coal. Since he cut down the coal alone, the production rate was exceeded by 14.5 times - this is recorded in the relevant documents of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. Therefore it is not right Violetta Alekseevna Stakhanova, who, in an interview with Ukrainian media, seemed to confirm the version that, supposedly, a brigade was working, and all the production was credited to her father: “Two miners helped my father shovel coal. And the idea of ​​​​dividing the labor of a slaughterer - one chops, two shovel after him - my father and the party organizer came up with.”

In fact, on a steep drop there is no need to “shovel” the coal - it itself falls down to the lower ledge. But in order to work with a jackhammer for 6 hours in almost complete darkness over a 100-meter abyss, this requires physical strength, dexterity, endurance, as well as the ability to read the coal seam in order to cut it down along the cleavage (fine fractures). So Alexei Stakhanov achieved an outstanding achievement, and it went down in history forever.

The whole country followed the reports from the labor front, and on September 4, a small article “Record of the slaughterer Stakhanov” appeared in Pravda with the following content: “Stalino (now Donetsk - A.V.). September 1 (cor. "Pravda"). Kadievsky miner of the Central-Irmino mine, comrade. Stakhanov, in commemoration of the 21st anniversary of International Youth Day, ... produced 102 tons of coal during a six-hour shift, which is 10 percent of the mine’s daily production, and earned 200 rubles (instead of the usual 20 rubles - A.V.).”

People's Commissar of Heavy Industry and experienced politician Sergo Ordzhonikidze I immediately understood the significance of Stakhanov’s record. On September 18, his order was issued, which states: “Significantly better use of mechanisms, a fuller utilization of the working day based on the correct division of labor made it possible for the comrades. Stakhanov, Dyukanov and others to exceed the established production standards several times and increase their wages in accordance with this. The rapid implementation of the Stakhanov method in all mines with steep and gentle slopes opens the way for both Donbass and the rest of the coal basins to further sharp increase coal mining and at the same time to increase wages workers."

On November 14, 1935, the first All-Union meeting of Stakhanovites in industry and transport took place in Moscow with the participation of members of the Politburo headed by Joseph Stalin. It became an international sensation: for the first time in history, the authorities directly addressed the common working person. Opening the meeting, Sergo Ordzhonikidze said:

What was hitherto illuminated by “scientific norms”, learned people and old practices, these Stakhanovite comrades of ours turned upside down, threw them out as outdated and retarding our forward movement.

Alexey Stakhanov in his speech spoke about the new high earnings of miners and emphasized:

- There were people at the mine who did not believe my record, my 102 tons. “They attributed it to him,” they said. But then the party organizer of the Dyukanov section went and gave 115 tons per shift, followed by Komsomol member Mitya Kontsedalov - 125 tons. Now they had to believe it!

As Alexey Stakhanov later proudly recalled, he, yesterday’s dark farm laborer and shepherd, spoke to the leaders of the people, and they listened to him attentively. “But they also came from the people,” it flashed through his head then...

In closing remarks Joseph Stalin noted that the source of the Stakhanov movement lies in the Soviet social system. “Life has become better, comrades. Life has become more fun. And when life is fun, work progresses... If life in our country was bad, unsightly, sad, then we wouldn’t have any Stakhanovist movement.”.

A few days later, Stakhanov, Dyukanov, Petrov, Kontsedalov, Mashurov and many more Stakhanovites in Donbass were awarded the Orders of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor. It should be noted here that in modern media one can often find speculations of this type: “Alexey Grigorievich received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor only 35 years later...” But the fact is that in 1935 this title did not yet exist. It was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 27, 1938, and a year later Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin became the first Hero of Socialist Labor.

On March 10, 1939, the XVIII Congress of the CPSU(b) opened, which summed up the results of the second five-year plan as a transition period from capitalism to socialism and outlined a course for creating conditions for the transition to communist construction. The resolution of the congress stated: “The development of socialist competition and its highest form - the Stakhanov movement - led to a powerful increase in labor productivity in industry, which during the second five-year plan increased by 82 percent against 63 percent according to plan.”

After the treacherous attack of Nazi Germany on our country, more and more steel was required for the needs of the front, the smelting of which requires coal. Alexey Grigorievich organizes the evacuation of Donetsk miners to Karaganda, their distribution among the mines of this basin, and provision of housing. Soon he was appointed to the position of manager of mine No. 31. “It was a rare day that I did not go down into the mine,” writes Alexey Grigorievich. - Patiently studied and monitored the work of each section. I tried to turn each of my rounds into an effective lesson for the miners, to give exercise to the Stakhanov work of the leading workers.”

And here we are again faced with the lies of modern liberal media: “By 1943, when Stakhanov failed all the indicators, he was summoned to Moscow, where he headed the awards sector of the Ministry of the Coal Industry.”

However, in the editorial of “Socialist Karaganda” dated May 21, 1942, we read: “At mine No. 31, site No. 1 fulfilled the coal production plan by 119 percent in 18 days of May. The precinct staff firmly holds the challenge Red Banner of the City Party Committee.” On June 17, 1942, in the article “Coal Above Plan,” the same newspaper reported: “The miners of mine No. 31, led by Alexei Stakhanov, are increasing coal production every day. The bulk breaker of the 4th section, Comrade Teymuratov, completed his production assignment in May by 200 percent, and in 11 days of June - by 218 percent. Comrade Gurfov gives more than two norms daily. Comrade Omarov fulfills 175 percent of the norm, Comrade Kasenov fulfills one and a half norms. Section No. 4, led by Comrade Bobyrev, produces 50–60 tons of coal daily in excess of the plan.”

At the same time, Alexey Grigorievich defended his diploma at the Moscow Mining Institute, evacuated to Karaganda, and was transferred to Moscow to the People's Commissariat - to the headquarters team of the People's Commissar of the Coal Industry. And mine No. 31 was given the name “Stakhanovskaya”. Everything changed when Stakhanov refused to participate in the campaign launched by Khrushchev to condemn the “cult of personality” of Stalin. “Nikita Sergeevich treated his father poorly - maybe because Stalin respected him? - recalls Violetta Alekseevna. - Khrushchev was generally an ignorant person and made a lot of mistakes in history... Khrushchev told him: “Your place is in the Donbass. You must understand me as a miner to a miner.” My father flushed: “What kind of miner are you?!”” By the way, the mine in Donbass where Khrushchev allegedly worked was never found...

In 1957, Stakhanov was sent as deputy manager of the Chistyakovanthracite trust (now the city of Torez, Donetsk People's Republic). His family didn’t go with him - who wants to go from the House on the Embankment to the village?

Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov (right), Mikhail Vasilievich Vodopyanov and Konstantin Grigorievich Petrov. 1935

Remembers Nikolay Ivanovich Panibratchenko, director of mine No. 2-43, to which Stakhanov was transferred in 1959: “Such an appointment was more like expulsion from Moscow... Stakhanov had world fame. He had no equal in fame; perhaps it was comparable in height to the first cosmonaut on the planet, Yuri Gagarin... Stakhanov went down into the mine and dealt with production issues. People came to him for help as a deputy, although he had not been one for a long time, and he resolved issues. Sometimes he would give away his last penny. In the morning he goes down into the mine and goes to the sites. The youth are delighted: Stakhanov, Stakhanov! Then, I see, they get some vodka and invite him to the forest plantation. We are looking at the mine where the shift disappeared. I called the first secretary of the city committee, Vlasenko. I convey to Stakhanov: Vlasenko is calling. He says:

If he needs it, let him come to the mine.

Vlasenko arrived:

Why are you behaving like this! I will decommunist you!

And he answers, verbatim:

Why would I come to you? I didn't join the party. They brought my party card home to me at the command of Comrade Stalin.

Is it true that Stakhanov carried a revolver?

That's right, he walked around with a revolver. Ordzhonikidze Sergo gave it to him. The name inscription was engraved. At the mine, in the city, everyone knew about the revolver. He carried it with him and never shot it. He let me hold it... Of course, he helped the mine. The cars will be loaded, but the railway will not take them. Then he goes to the station:

I am Stakhanov, why was coal rejected? I’ll call Minister of Railways Beshchev now. Boris Pavlovich and I live on the same landing...

They say he is one of the selfless people - everything for people, nothing for himself?

The real truth. He lived alone - no wife, no children. There is a bed with a metal mesh in the room. She is wearing a thin, earth-colored flannel blanket. No sheets, no mattress. A sweatshirt instead of a pillow. No furniture, no food. I tell him:

Why did you neglect the housing? Why didn't you contact us? It is necessary, Alexey Grigorievich, to correct the matter.

I see him embarrassed and muttering:

Okay, okay, Nikolai Ivanovich, thank you. - And he himself feels awkward. He was a conscientious and honest man. Healthy in stature, handsome in face and physique, Stakhanov endeared himself to his simplicity. The women clung to them like wasps to honey. He had a lot of acquaintances, but no close friends.

Joseph Vissarionovich looked closely at him and treated him with sympathy. It is possible that he had further plans for him?

Stakhanov once told me how, after a meeting of leading leaders in the Kremlin, Stalin invited him to spend the night at a dacha near Moscow. One can only guess what they talked about that night.

Having seized power, Khrushchev took revenge on everyone who was part of Stalin's entourage. Even the word “Stakhanovite” itself disappeared, it was replaced by the word “drummer.” But Khrushchev also sank into oblivion, and Stakhanov experienced a sweet moment of the revival of his legend. A miner's writer witnessed this memorable event Nikolay Efremovich Goncharov. After the resignation of “dear fellow countryman Nikita Sergeevich” in Donetsk they decided to gather young drummers of the seven-year plan. This is where they remembered about the “Torez prisoner.” They came up with a symbolic action: Stakhanov would hand over his jackhammer to the most talented young miner...

Hero of Socialist Labor Alexei Stakhanov among the students. 1972

Stakhanov was stubborn at first: I won’t go. But still, by the beginning of the rally, he was brought from Torez. He was pale and gloomy, the famous white-toothed smile had disappeared from his face. He was invited to the presidium, and, awkwardly slouching, he walked into the very last row. However, the first secretary of the Donetsk regional party committee, Vladimir Degtyarev, brought him back from there and seated him in front, next to his old friend, the party organizer of the Central-Irmino mine, Konstantin Petrov. Introducing the guests, Degtyarev simply said - Alexey Stakhanov...

“I could clearly see Stakhanov,” writes Goncharov. - He sat hunched over, without raising his head. There was silence in the huge auditorium for several seconds. Then, in one impulse, everyone rose from their seats and clapped deafeningly. This applause, to which the famous miner had become accustomed at the zenith of his fame, now seemed to stun him. Still incredulous, he slowly raised his head and looked into the hall. And then he began to slowly rise. Finally, he himself clapped in response, raising his head higher and higher. Thus took place the first appearance of Stakhanov to the people after a long interval...”

After this, Alexey Grigorievich again became a welcome guest in the working environment. True, sometimes he still indulged in loneliness.

He was destined to experience a full-fledged return to glory. In 1970, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Remembers those times Lyudmila Dmitrievna, Stakhanov's daughter-in-law. Together with their husband Viktor, they began to visit Stakhanov in Torez: “He was a hard worker in everyday life,” she says about Stakhanov. “We get up in the morning, and he’s already gone, he ran off to the mine, to the vocational school, on business.” To him, as in ambulance, asked for help. Helped people. He did not refuse anyone, he sought justice. I went somewhere, called, spoke in different audiences. In the morning he gets up, drinks kvass, has a snack - and goes to the mine, and for lunch, serve porcini mushrooms, he liked me to cook. Alexey Grigorievich loved to drink, relax at the table, sing, tell jokes, and reminisce. It was interesting to work with him, he knew a lot of things. But lying around and being a hooligan was out of the question. He knew how to behave with good male health in different situations with dignity. And evil tongues are worse than a pistol.".

Georgy Chitaladze, formerly general manager association "Sverdlovskantracite" in the Lugansk region, now an academician, full holder of the title "Miner's Glory", the Order of Lenin, the October Revolution, the Red Banner of Labor, the "Badge of Honor", began his labor activity in 1957 at the Chistyakovanthracite trust at the Lutugin mine. “At that time I worked as a site manager,” recalls Georgy Amvrosievich. - Stakhanov, as the manager assigned to the mine, during the days of increased production, constantly came to the mine, met with the engineering and technical personnel and, as part of his job description provided him with practical assistance. And not only at our enterprise, but throughout the trust. It was responsible for the work of mining sites and logistics issues. The mine's engineering and technical workers spoke very highly of him. I was the secretary of the Komsomol organization of the mine and listened to him at the city Komsomol conference. He spoke about the difficult situation in our trust as a whole and inspired us to work hard. At one time, when the country was at the peak of industrialization, he showed by his example that in difficult mining and geological conditions of a steep decline it was possible to produce increased production above the norm that had been established. This was his record because he did the bulk of the work. At that time, the process of updating fixed assets was underway, issues of new construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment. And his record contributed to all three of these major factors. He kind of raised people up for this cause.

Stakhanov's book with his autograph (from the personal collection of A. Vedyaev)

He worked for us then Alexander Kolchik, the foreman of the working face is an all-Union beacon. At that time, we took the initiative of socialist competition to save public funds and reduce the cost of mined coal. The miners of Kolchik’s brigade decided to save 1 ruble on each ton of anthracite mined. For the first time, the cyclic method of organizing labor in the longwall was used, for which Kolchik’s brigade received the title of communist labor brigade. This was a real continuation of the work of Stakhanov, who worked for us until 1958 and was transferred to mine No. 2-43 as an assistant to the chief production engineer. I still had to meet with him at meetings, and I listened to his speeches twice. I have only positive impressions about him. I was even present when he was awarded the Gold Hero Star. At that time I was already the director of the mine administration. He was a simple, modest man, he did not stick out and never said that he was Alexei Stakhanov. After the release of the well-known Government Decree on the development of Donbass and the Rostov region, where construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment were 100 percent financed, the coal industry began to modernize. New shaft boring equipment and high-reliability powered supports in the working faces have appeared, which has made it possible to reduce to a minimum the share of manual labor in both the working and development faces. As an example creative development Stakhanov’s method during the time of Marat Vasilchuk, later the chairman of the State Mining and Technical Supervision of the USSR and Russia, and the head of the Shakhterskantratsit plant, at his insistence on a steep drop of over 55 degrees, we managed to introduce the 2K-52Sh narrow-cut combine on full collapse on the pedestals. It should be emphasized that then, according to safety regulations, combine harvesters were allowed to fall only up to 35 degrees. The head of the inspection asks me: on what basis do you use a combine harvester for drops over 55 degrees? Meanwhile, Marat Petrovich had already become the head of the Donetsk mining district of the USSR State Mining and Technical Supervision. I answer the head of the inspection: “Listen, ask the head of the district...” As a result, if before this the longwall produced 400-500 tons, then after the introduction of the combine - 1100-1200 tons per day. And the winners are not judged! Here is an example of innovation, creative development of Stakhanov’s ideas.”

And for those zealous debunkers of “myths” who are well versed in gossip and dirty laundry, I would advise, before touching on the topic of sacred mining work, to think about who they are and thanks to whom they live in a strong independent country.

In February 1934, the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, later nicknamed the “Congress of the Executed,” approved retroactively second five-year plan. And her main goal- the completion of the industrial revolution, which in the West lasted two centuries, but in the country of victorious socialism was supposed to happen in just a dozen years. To do this, it was necessary not only to increase the output of products that were in short supply in the country - and there was a shortage of almost everything, but also to increase labor productivity, which was five times inferior to the American one.

Of course, thoughts about how to do this were wandering in the leadership’s heads. And, as often happens, chance helped. From the first years of Soviet power, proletarian holidays were celebrated with hard work; This promised career growth for the local authorities, and a bonus for the workers. The Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine in the Donetsk region, named by the former owner, the Italian Baron Marziali, in honor of his daughter Irma, was no exception. The hopelessly lagging mine had recently installed electricity and replaced the old shells with jackhammers. One of them went to the big 30-year-old Alexei Stakhanov, a native of the Oryol village, who had been working in the slaughter for the eighth year. He worked like crazy, swearing that he had to stop and reinforce the walls of the mine with logs.

Rumors about this reached the party organizer of the mine, Konstantin Petrov, who was struck by a brilliant idea: why not give Stakhanov assistants so that he could chop coal without being distracted? And thus surpassed the record of Nikita Izotov, who mined 20 tons of coal per shift in neighboring Gorlovka?

TODAY IS A RECORD...

The labor feat was scheduled for September 1, 1935, when International Youth Day was celebrated. The night before, Stakhanov descended to a depth of 450 meters along with five assistants: miners Shchigolev and Borisenko were installing support, site manager Mashurov was loading coal into trolleys, newspaper editor Mikhailov was monitoring the timing and feverishly scribbling in a notebook. Party organizer Petrov controlled the entire process and held the lamp, symbolizing the light that the party brings to the masses.

NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED ARTICLES ABOUT NEW AND NEW EDITORIALS DAILY. AND BUTT - CONVICTIONS OF THEIR ENEMIES

The hero of the day worked with anger and concentration. He was attracted by the promised bonus, and he was burning with resentment towards his wife Dunya, who ran away with the gypsies, leaving him with two children. The quota was completed in just 40 minutes, and during the entire shift Stakhanov chopped 102 tons - 14 quotas!

The next day it took place general meeting mines. Petrov announced the world record and the management’s decision to give the drummer a large bonus, provide him with a separate two-room apartment and a trip to the resort. The miners, aware of the circumstances of Stakhanov’s breakthrough, immediately demanded that they also be given the opportunity to set a record. However, the party organizer met only the ideological communist Miron Dyukanov, who the next day chopped (also with assistants) 115 tons of coal. But this record did not go down in history: there were not enough apartments for everyone, and Stakhanov had already been picked up by the central newspapers.

On September 11, 1935, Pravda notified the world of the beginning of the mass “Stakhanov movement.” On the same day, Nikita Izotov, touched to the quick, produced an unprecedented 240 tons during his shift - and without outside help. But even this phenomenal result remained in the shadow of Stakhanov’s.

In the prospects that suddenly opened up for the party leadership, mass participation was already at the forefront.

...AND TOMORROW IS THE NORMAL

Newspapers published articles daily about new and emerging leaders. And back to back - denunciations of their enemies. Party organizer-initiator Petrov began to threaten already in the first days after the record: “We consider it necessary... to warn all those who try to slander Comrade Stakhanov and his record as an accident, an invention, etc., that the party committee will regard them as the worst enemies who oppose the best people mines, our country."

The “enemies” included primarily mine directors, engineers and foremen. They were indignant: the workers themselves began to decide when and how much to work; This is unacceptable. The answer from the Secretary of the Central Committee Zhdanov was not long in coming: “At some of our enterprises, the Stakhanov movement met resistance from conservative elements in our party, economic and trade union organizations and from the backward part of the workers... But we hit these sentiments hard.”

One of the first to feel the blow was the director of the Central-Irmino mine, Joseph Zaplavsky, who tried to bring the new initiative within the bounds of reason. He was removed from office and replaced (of course) by party organizer Petrov, and later perished in the Gulag. The “backward workers” also suffered; They feared, not without reason, that Stakhanov’s norms would soon become mandatory for everyone. On this basis, beatings and even murders of frontline workers occurred. The culprits were immediately declared “kulak terrorists” and punished to the fullest extent of the law.

ALL-UNION MEETING

In November 1935, the first and only All-Union meeting of Stakhanovites took place in the Kremlin, at which Stalin uttered the famous phrase: “Life has become better, comrades. Life has become more fun.” And he explained: workers work better because they live better, richer - which was, to put it mildly, an exaggeration. Molotov turned out to be closer to the truth: Stakhanovites were often motivated by “a simple interest in increasing their earnings.” This was confirmed by movement participants. Gorky blacksmith Alexander Busygin: “I used to earn 300-350 rubles, but in September I earned 690 and 130 came out according to the progressive plan and another 223 rubles for reducing defects - in total it came out to 1043 rubles.” Miron Dyukanov, who has surpassed Stakhanov: “Previously, I earned 550-600 rubles... Now, in September, in 16 trips, since they drag us around somewhere, I earned 1,338 rubles. And if they hadn’t dragged us, it would have been more than two thousand... "

MASS SHOCKING ALLOWED INCREASE IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: IF IT INCREASED BY 40% IN THE FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN, THEN IN THE SECOND IT WAS BY 90%

The miner was referring to ceremonial meetings, rallies, meetings with pioneers, to which the Stakhanovites were “dragged” almost every day. Many of them no longer had time to do their main jobs. And for others, the first record became the last.

Among them was Alexei Stakhanov, whose sudden fame quickly turned his head.

COPPER PIPES

Writer Alexander Avdeenko recalled his first meeting with the hero:

Dear guests, says Stakhanov, welcome to the hut! She's mine now. It was intended for the chief engineer, but fell into the hands of miner Aleshka Stakhanov...

We enter a house filled to the limit with things. Everything is brand new, not yet fully unpacked...

Have you seen it?! - Stakhanov laughs. - Good anniversary. Gifts are being sent from all over Donbass. How to refuse people?

Stakhanov is immensely cheerful, but his wife is strict:

If I really wanted to refuse, I wouldn’t be forced to take the gifts. They, the givers, are kind at the expense of others. Six cases of beer! Drink - I don't want to. The sea is flooded. Why so much? Three carpets. One of our own was enough for us. And this bandura is useless. No one to strum.

What about me? - Stakhanov laughs. He ran to the piano, opened the lid and tapped the white and black keys with one finger. - Symphony! March! Concert! Waltz! Chizhik-fawn, where have you been!

The wife was new - Stakhanov started a love affair with a 15-year-old schoolgirl Galina Bondarenko. His fame was so great that the registry office obediently registered the marriage, attributing two years to the bride. And soon Alexey went to study in Moscow, where he lived on a grand scale. In one of the drunken fights, his jacket with the Order of Lenin and his party card was stolen. They issued new ones, but Stalin himself threatened: “If he doesn’t stop his spree, we’ll change his famous surname to a more modest one.”

The hero calmed down for a while, but never overcame the passion for which he was nicknamed Stakanov.

TASKS HAVE BEEN SET

And the Stakhanov movement rolled across the country - from Moscow to the very outskirts. Each industry has its own “main Stakhanovites”: Makar Mazai in metallurgy, Ivan Gudov in machine tool industry, Pyotr Krivonos in transport, Dusya and Marusya Vinogradov in textile industry, Pasha Angelina in agriculture. Children also did not stand aside: the young Kabardian Barasbi Khamgokov raised foals for the Red Army, the Tajik pioneer Mamlakat Nakhangova collected a record amount of cotton and was even photographed in the arms of Stalin, causing a storm of delight in the press.

By the end of 1936, the Stakhanovite count ran into the millions. From 20 to 30% of industry workers were officially recognized as advanced workers. And not only. Among the Stakhanovites awarded orders and medals in 1939, there were 20 thousand industrial workers, 1150 artists, 200 athletes, etc. The mental labor strikers, however, deserved awards for the fact that they tirelessly composed songs about the Stakhanovites and painted them portraits and made films - for example, “The Shining Path” by Alexandrov, on the set of which Dusya Vinogradova taught Lyubov Orlova to work on a loom.

Even state security workers became active Stakhanovites. For example, in 1938, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Kirghiz SSR announced socialist competition in the hunt for "enemies of the people." The People's Commissar's order stated that in February alone, "the fourth department exceeded the number of arrests per month by one and a half times compared to the third department... and exceeded the cases completed by the apparatus considered by the troika by almost 100 people..."

THE GOALS ARE CLEAR

The essence of the Stakhanov movement in those years was best analyzed by Trotsky’s son Lev Sedov, who lived abroad (and soon died under unclear circumstances). His article in the Opposition Bulletin argued that the Stakhanovites are no different from the highly paid workers of bourgeois countries - they are also driven by material interests. Therefore, their initiative does not bring socialism closer, as Stalin argued, but moves it away, introducing enormous stratification among the working masses. Sedov pointed out that Stakhanovites earn 3-4 times more than other workers: “It is unlikely that in any of the advanced capitalist countries there is such a deep difference in wages as there is now in the USSR.” In addition, the work of the drummers was too hasty and intense, which led to damage to both their health and expensive equipment. Often records were achieved through additions and elementary deception. The article also stated that Soviet leadership, showering the Stakhanovites with privileges, with their help forced the rest to work harder and faster, to the limit of their physical capabilities.

But the truth is also that mass shock work made it possible to significantly increase labor productivity: if in the first five-year plan it increased by 40%, then in the second - by as much as 90%. The average salary in industry over this five-year period has at least doubled, the number of illiterate people among workers has decreased from 40 to 15% - every Stakhanovite was required to graduate from school or technical college. The Stalinist regime achieved its stated goal: it built, albeit at enormous expense and sacrifice, a powerful industry that made it possible to satisfy both the military and peaceful needs of the country.

And when it happened, work initiative was slowly released on the brakes. True, after the war, brigades of Stakhanovites in the Donbass competed in restoring destroyed and flooded mines. And Khrushchev, in his experiments, tried to return the shock movement to its former glory. Under him, a spinner from Vyshny Volochyok, Valentina Gaganova, founded the “Gaganovsky” movement, and the Ukrainian “cornfield worker” Nadezhda Zaglada founded the “Zagladovsky” movement. But these were already pale copies that did not evoke either mass enthusiasm or serious economic achievements.

In those same years, Stakhanov, who had long been “wiping his pants” in the awards department of the Ministry of Coal Industry, also suffered.

DEATH OF A HERO

According to one version, Khrushchev, at a meeting with veterans, said to Stakhanov: “We, miners...” - to which the straightforward and, as usual, drunk Alexey Grigorievich objected: “What the hell kind of miner are you?!” Whether this is true or not, Stakhanov was removed from his post and sent to live in the city of Torez, Donetsk region, where he finally drank himself to death. When local communists, led by the same Petrov - now the secretary of the city committee - came to visit him one day, they saw a dirty room filled with empty bottles.

The hero's final resting place was psychiatric hospital, where he died in 1977. They buried Alexey Grigorievich in Kadievka, where the Central-Irmino mine is located, hastily renaming this city Stakhanov.

NAMES THAT ROCKED THE WHOLE COUNTRY

Alexander Busygin (1907-1985)

Born in the village of Kolevatovskoye, Kostroma province. After his parents were dispossessed, he left in 1931 for the construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant, where he became a first-class blacksmith. In 1935, the team led by him forged 966 crankshafts per shift against the norm of 675. Busygin became the head of the workshop and a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He worked at GAZ for many years, passing on his experience to young workers.

Dusya (Evdokia) Vinogradova (1914-1962) and Marusya (Maria) Vinogradova (1910-1990)

Namesakes born in villages of the Ivanovo region. Becoming weavers at the factory named after. Nogina in Vichuga, began working in shifts in 1935 large quantities machines at once (record - 284 machines). They founded the “Vinogradov” movement of multi-machine operators. The beautiful and charming Dusya became the ideal Komsomol shock member, receiving the nickname “Miss USSR” abroad. After graduating from the Industrial Academy, the Vinogradovs worked for a long time as deputy directors of various textile factories.

Makar Mazai (1910-1941)

Born in the village of Olginskaya, Krasnodar Territory. In 1930, he became a laborer at the Mariupol Metallurgical Plant, and later became a steelmaker in the open-hearth shop. He made changes to the design of the open-hearth furnace, which made it possible to increase steel production. He and his crew set several performance records.

During the war, he did not have time to evacuate from Mariupol, saving factory equipment. After brutal torture, he was shot by the Nazis. There is a monument to him in the city.

Peter Krivonos (1910-1980)

Born in Feodosia in the family of a railway worker. He worked as a mechanic at the locomotive depot in the city of Slavyansk, then as a locomotive driver. In 1935, he increased the load on the locomotive boiler, which doubled the speed of freight trains. After the war he became the head of the Southwestern railway, lived and died in Kyiv. The first honorary citizen of Slavyansk.

Pasha Angelina (1912-1959)

Born in the village of Starobeshevo, Donetsk region, into a Greek family. In 1930, after completing a tractor driver course, she became the first tractor driver in Donbass. Later she organized a women’s tractor brigade in her homeland. She became famous for the slogan “One hundred thousand girlfriends - on a tractor!” Worked hard until recent years life. She was buried in her native village.

Mamlakat Nakhangova (1924-1992)

She was born in the Bukhara village of Shahmansur. At the age of 11, while helping her mother in the field, she began picking cotton with two hands instead of one, quadrupling the harvest. Having become the youngest holder of the Order of Lenin, she founded the pioneer Stakhanov movement. During the war, she cared for the wounded in hospitals, collected food for besieged Leningrad. After graduating from the Pedagogical Institute, she taught for many years English language in Dushanbe.

Nikita Izotov (1902 -1951)

Born in a village in the Oryol region, from the age of 12 he worked at a mine in Gorlovka. In 1932, he exceeded the coal mining plan 20 times and organized a school at the mine to teach his method. Later he joined the Stakhanov movement, and from 1936 he led various mines. He actively participated in the restoration of Donbass after the war, but died of a heart attack.