Comparison of budget and commercial accounting. Accounting in government agencies and commercial organizations - basic principles and differences

Budget accounting is used in all institutions and organizations without exception that belong to state form property. It is somewhat different from the usual accounting work, but the basic principles are followed. All actions, document templates and other elements that may be necessary for the organization’s activities are approved by higher authorities and are not advisory, but mandatory. There are also specific examples, samples and similar supporting documents that facilitate the work of employees.

What is budget accounting

This accounting option is a clearly regulated system in which all elements of an institution’s management are brought together and processed by specialists. It is characterized by the presence of a large number of instructions and similar documents that indicate how certain actions must be performed in different conditions. This greatly simplifies the work process, because the information provided by the budget accounting instructions allows you to immediately begin work and clearly fulfill all the requirements, without being distracted by all sorts of individual elements inherent in its classic version.

Accounting tasks

There is a certain list of main tasks that are the basis that makes up accounting. The total number of such elements is very large, but if we reduce and briefly consider this problem, we can highlight some of them.

Thus, this type of accounting is necessary to find unobvious, hidden reserves that would allow the state to function more efficiently. In addition, budget accounting allows for total control of the actual state and availability of any amounts Money, as well as various assets. When managed correctly, it also makes it possible to identify and promptly prevent any inappropriate spending and generally provide an understanding of where exactly, in what amount and how the money was used. Accounting of this type, among other things, shows the results of the activities of a particular organization. That is, how profitable or unprofitable it is.

An important role is played by statistical and reporting data, which are also collected using this accounting. They are needed to accumulate certain information, analyze it, provide it to interested parties and, ultimately, to formulate new instructions, documents, as well as to ensure that subsequent changes in budget accounting are most consistent with the current situation and are most effective in a specific period of time.

Regulations

All basic principles are specified in special Instruction No. 148n, which includes not only clear definitions of exactly how to act in certain conditions, but also what penalties may follow if you refuse to use these requirements. It should be noted that this document contains only the basics and base, which, of course, cover all areas of activity and elements of the organization's work, but may not be complete.

In addition to it, there is a huge number of various changes, additions and similar factors that also affect the operation of the enterprise and in some cases can very significantly change previously approved standards. In theory, the head of the organization and other persons vested with certain authority in a particular institution are obliged to communicate all these documents to employees in an appropriate manner and within the required time frame.

In practice, the employee is recommended to independently monitor the situation and, as new information is received, clarify it with management in order to avoid possible problems in the future. But that’s not all, in addition to all this documentation, you should also understand standard accounting with all its regulations. Accounts budget accounting Although they differ from the classic ones, they are still worked in approximately the same way, which makes trying to figure it all out quite difficult.

Requirements

The instructions for budget accounting, as well as some other similar regulatory documents, set certain requirements for its maintenance. They are strictly enshrined in law, and violation of these requirements may result in severe sanctions.

1. So, any actions must be carried out exactly on time.
2. Reporting information must comply actual state, and the accounting itself must be carried out starting from the very first day of the organization’s existence.
3. The simplest and most understandable requirement is the condition that it be conducted exclusively in state currency.

Of course, in certain situations other features of the work may be added, but much here directly depends on how exactly the organization functions, what it does, what its features are, and so on. For each such item, an additional check should be carried out to determine the presence of conditions and requirements that could at least partially relate to the work of the institution.

Responsibilities

Basic requirements are submitted directly to the head and chief accountant of the institution. They are the ones who are obliged to constantly monitor the work performed, their recording in documents and the accounting of budget funds. Only they are responsible for everything in accordance with the law, and only then, if necessary, they can independently punish their employees using accessible and adequate methods.

This is a reasonable approach, since only they know (or are required to know) all the features that an ordinary person engaged in work simply does not need for full-fledged activity. At the same time the same Chief Accountant has the opportunity to require management to take the necessary measures, the purpose of which will be appropriate and correct accounting in budgetary institutions. This item includes requirements for the organization of workplaces, their technical equipment, the hiring of qualified employees, and so on.

In turn, management may demand the allocation of appropriate amounts to fulfill the conditions of employees, if they are considered truly worthy of attention and interfere with the full functioning of the organization. For example, a water cooler is unlikely to be considered a mandatory piece of equipment, but without at least the worst computer, accounting or performing other similar functions becomes almost impossible. As a result, you will need suitable infrastructure, communication via a network connection, and even a separate person who will monitor the safety of all this.

Structuring

In order for the organization’s work to be as efficient as possible, all actions to be carried out accurately and on time, and for reporting to truly meet the requirements placed on it, a sufficiently large staff of employees is required, each of whom will perform clearly defined functions. This helps to break the work process into parts and makes it possible to work comfortably and efficiently in your field even with minimal knowledge, because a truly experienced person will require high pay, which the organization may not agree to.

It implies the presence of cashiers, leading accountants (or employees who will combine both functions). In addition, there may be deputies (usually one, but sometimes there are more) and, naturally, the chief accountant. With this scheme, the boss controls the main areas of activity and features. In more detail they are controlled and directed by deputies, and all the work is carried out directly by ordinary employees.

Documentation

There are more than 40 basic forms that must be used in a government agency to ensure that management accounting is as close as possible to the requirements of the law. In fact, all of them are divided into two groups, approximately equal in the number of specified documents, one of which applies to companies of any form of ownership, and the second concerns exclusively budgetary organizations.

In turn, budget accounting has its own division of the specified primary documents into three main groups. All of them are necessary for the high-quality operation of the enterprise and allow you to cover absolutely all areas of activity.

Thus, templates approximately equal in number are identified that are responsible for calculation and accrual wages, carrying out any operations with the cash register, as well as regulating work with material assets. The smallest group of documents are those that are not included in any of the categories and cover some very specific areas of activity, not all of which exist in the enterprise.

Automation

As in ordinary accounting, all kinds of automated systems, significantly facilitating the work of employees, as well as providing the most accurate and reliable data based on the entered numbers.

The convenience of such programs has long been tested and approved by all employees who are required to work with accounting, tax or management accounting. They instantly provide all the required information, do not force the user to study for a long time to work with them, signal about the expiring deadlines for submitting reports, and so on. Most modern accountants, in principle, vaguely imagine the work of an organization without such auxiliary tools.

Accounting and reporting

All areas of an enterprise's activities are closely related to reporting. This is one of the fundamentals that is mandatory for everyone and allows for the accumulation of data sufficient for analysis, control and verification. There are several basic options for reports in budgetary organizations, which must be compiled in a timely manner and submitted to higher authorities:

• report on ;
• about performance results;
• about the movement of funds.

As you can see, all of them allow regulatory authorities to conduct a detailed analysis of the state of the organization, its characteristics, current problems, directions of development, and so on. Usually, all these documents are also accompanied by clarification of this or that information that is not immediately clear.

Additionally, balance sheets and any other documents that are required by the relevant authorities are submitted if there is a need to clarify certain points, figures or other features of the enterprise’s activities.

Differences from standard accounting

Budget accounting is in many ways similar to conventional accounting, which is used in private enterprises, firms and organizations. The main differences lie in seemingly small details such as a chart of accounts and in the peculiarities of the classification of certain actions. But in fact, if you delve into all this in detail and detail, it turns out that these elements are key and affect the entire structure of the organization’s work very seriously.

We can say more specifically about this issue only by comparing the two different enterprises of a similar type, one of which will be private and the other public. Management accounting, like any other, in a private company will, on the one hand, be simpler and more understandable, and on the other, if there is large quantity internal regulatory documents, much more complex and confusing. And even in some cases, intersecting with current legislation.

Results

In general, to summarize all of the above, the budget type of accounting is, although complex in the initial stages of understanding, in contrast to its usual form, but much simpler in the future.

The main task for a full analysis of the problem should be an analysis of the entire legislative framework that may somehow relate to this problem. After this, work will become much easier and clearer, even taking into account constant edits and changes. In turn, the standard type of work of almost any more or less large company implies the fact that employees will take into account not only legal requirements, but also the wishes of the employer, correlating them with laws and instructions.

Organizations whose activities are financed from state or local budgets are called budgetary. Based on this, it is quite obvious that for budgetary enterprises, among the sources that generate economic funds, it is necessary to focus on financing and income.

Main differences between budgetary and commercial accounting

A person who is even little familiar with the rules of accounting in budgetary organizations may notice that they differ from accounting in commercial structures.

Indeed, budgetary institutions have their own specifics of obligations, accounting of fixed assets and cash, inventories, financial assets.

The fundamental essence of accounting does not change; it reflects real information about the activities of the enterprise for provision to its management, founders, regulatory authorities and other interested authorities. However, in the accounts this is expressed completely differently.

In budgetary organizations, the emphasis is on the study of accounting. Accumulated knowledge related to financial accounting is the basis of budgetary accounting. But besides this, you need to know how accounting records are directly maintained in budgetary enterprises.

Due to the peculiarities of the activities of budgetary institutions, new accounts and classes arise in their accounting. Such organizations do not have accounts related to commercial activities, primarily profit-making. Although some types of activities fall under the exception (housing and communal services, etc.)

Difference between accounting a commercial and budgetary enterprise also consists in determining the various classes of the chart of accounts: inventories, classification of fixed assets and specific composition, etc.

Obviously, the balance sheet in a budgetary organization will also differ from a commercial enterprise, although in essence and general structure they are identical: liabilities on the right, assets on the left.

But this is only externally, and their internal design is different. Basically, the differences lie in the very structure of financial assets, fixed assets, cash and liabilities.

The preparation and submission of reports to higher authorities by budgetary enterprises follows a special list and schedule. At first glance, you might think that the accounting of a budgetary enterprise is quite complicated. But if you delve deeply, it will become clear that budgetary organizations carry out much fewer transactions that are reflected in accounting. For this reason, the process of conducting it is much simpler.

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When an accountant first encounters a budget chart of accounts, especially if he has previously dealt with a commercial chart of accounts, he is somewhat shocked by the differences. And, indeed, they are very significant. In this article I would like to talk about the general principles and differences in accounting in government institutions and commercial organizations.

In general, accounting regulations are based on general accounting principles (double entry principle, objectivity principle, periodicity principle, etc.). And the final result of accounting in any organization is the reflection of real data on activities, accounting of property and settlements with suppliers, accountable persons and customers. But still, there are significant differences. First of all, I would like to say that state and municipal institutions are non-profit organizations, which means that making a profit is not the basis of accounting and financing is centralized. Centralized financing and reporting on spent funds is the cornerstone of budget accounting.

The first thing that will catch the eye of an accountant from commercial sphere- This is a completely different chart of accounts. The latest edition in the line of programs for accounting in government institutions of the 1C company is “1C: Government Accounting 8, edition 2.0”. In this program, the chart of accounts can be found:

In its turn, latest edition in the line of programs for commercial accounting is “1C: Enterprise Accounting 8, edition 3.0”. In this program, the chart of accounts contains:

First difference - all budget accounting accounts have different numbers and names. For example, the account number “Fixed assets” in the chart of accounts of a commercial organization is 01, in the chart of accounts of a government institution - 101.
Second difference – the account number of the commercial chart of accounts has 2 digits, while the budget accounting chart of accounts has 26 digits (codes are built into the digits budget classification), the account structure is presented below:

I would also like to note that in the budget chart of accounts, off-balance sheet accounts are coded with two digits, while in the commercial chart of accounts – with three digits.

Third difference – number and composition of sections. There are 5 sections in the chart of accounts of government institutions:
1. Non-financial assets;
2. Financial assets;
3. Liabilities;
4. Financial result;
5. Authorization of expenses.

There are 8 sections in the chart of accounts of commercial organizations:
1. Outside current assets;
2. Inventory;
3. Production costs;
4. Finished products and goods;
5. Cash;
6. Calculations;
7. Capital;
8. Financial results.

And, as stated above, government agencies, as defined by Civil Code Russian Federation are non-profit organizations, therefore their chart of accounts does not have sections related to commercial activities and profit making.
For a better understanding of the correspondence of the sections, I will provide a comparison table. This table indicates the correspondence of sections in general view, but you need to remember that individual section accounts may correspond to other sections, contrary to the diagram below:

The absence of the “Capital” section in the chart of accounts for public sector employees is explained by the lack of capital in government institutions, and the absence of the “Authorization” section in commerce is explained by the lack of funding from higher authorities.

I would like to note that if a state institution still has the characteristics of a commercial one and receives profit in one of its activities, as well as for accounting for specific transactions, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance, it is possible to introduce new synthetic accounts with the necessary analytics.

In conclusion, I would like to say that a government agency records fewer transactions in its accounting than commercial organizations. But, probably, the main difficulty is that funds in the institution are allocated for a specific purpose and within a time period, all expenses are controlled not only by law, but also by higher authorities. Budget accounting is also regulated by separate legislative acts, which are the basis for accounting.

Accounting in budgetary institutions: how to conduct it correctly, how it differs from commercial accounting, how to correctly prepare reports. From this material you will learn all the nuances of working with budget revenues, the rules for reflecting transactions in transactions and the features of submitting reports.

Accounting in commercial and government organizations has a common basis, general principles and legislative framework. But there are also differences: accounting in budgetary institutions differs in the methods used in the formation of accounts and postings. Working with government money – key factor, giving rise to differences in methodology.

Accounting in government agencies is based on work with the budgetary sector and has additional regulations (not applicable to commercial organizations) and reporting requirements. IN budgetary sphere There is total control over all operations. This must be taken into account when organizing reporting.

Organization of accounting in budgetary organizations

Not every non-profit institution can be called budgetary; the law identifies about 30 different forms of non-profit institutions. Likewise, not every state or municipal institution is budgetary - there are autonomous, state-owned and, in fact, budgetary organizations (Law No. 7-FZ “On non-profit organizations"). The difference is manifested in the nuances - working methods, tasks, methods of financing, etc. This material will focus strictly on budget companies.

State-owned enterprises have differences, which are expressed in the methods of working with funds received from the state and their own. In particular, state-owned enterprises cannot dispose of profits received from commercial activities (in the amounts and forms permitted by law) for their own purposes; they are obliged to give them to the state income. This does not apply to other forms. Accounting in government institutions must take this factor into account.

When working with documents and accounting, you should understand how public sector employees differ from other forms of organization of a state enterprise.

Budgetary institution (budgetary state organization) is a non-profit organization created by the Russian Federation or its subject to provide services to the population. The main area of ​​work is education, medicine, culture and leisure, etc. Such an enterprise uses public money to provide services or perform work to order government agencies. The source of funds can be various constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The main task of accounting in the budget is to accurately reflect the movements and expenditure of money received from the state.

Important!

By law, a budgetary institution can conduct commercial activities, the income from which is used for own needs. However, the main source of financing is state and municipal subsidies. The commercial component is strictly controlled and cannot exceed a certain percentage of total income.

An institution is included in the budget form on the basis of a decision of the authorized body, as well as on the basis constituent documentation, where the form of organization is indicated.

Budget accounting– a unified state orderly system for collecting, processing (registration) and summarizing information on the state of financial and non-financial assets of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The term “budget accounting” is often used in relation to budgetary institutions, but this is not entirely true. According to the law, budget accounting is carried out by state government agencies, but the rest are engaged in accounting. These concepts should not be confused, as there is a difference in working methods.

Chart of accounts for budgetary institutions

The unified chart of accounts for government institutions is described in Instruction 157n, and specifically for budgetary institutions in Instruction 174n.

Also, accounting in the budget should take into account other regulations, clarifications, letters and instructions issued by state and municipal bodies authorized to work with budget funds.

Requirements for accounting in budgetary institutions

In his work, an accountant must rely on the general principles and objectives of accounting and take into account the peculiarities of the budgetary sphere. These include the need to monitor the exact execution of the approved budget, carry out activities to search for additional income, as well as the need to take into account industry specifics. Accounting in budgetary institutions has a more complex system of methods and more high level accuracy control.

General accounting rules must take into account the following principles: legality, correctness, prudence, reliability, independence, consistency, accessibility, relevance, comparability, superiority of form over content, timeliness, monetary measures (Federal Law No. 402). In addition, budget accounting must take into account the principles and rules of working with budget money.

Budget accounting tasks:

• Formation and provision to regulatory authorities of complete and reliable data on the state of assets and the flow of funds in the enterprise (both public funds and those received from commercial activities);
• Timely provision of the necessary (and accurate) information on the progress of implementation of the plan for budget revenues and expenditures;
• Timely provision of necessary (and accurate) information on the progress of execution of cost estimates involved in the execution of the state budget.

Basic requirements for accounting in budgetary institutions:

• Records must be kept only in national currency (rubles);
• Records are maintained continuously from the moment of registration of the enterprise;
• The content of the analytical report must correspond to the turnover and balances of synthetic accounting accounts;
• Every business and inventory operation must be subject to mandatory registration.

All business transactions, property assets and obligations of the company are included in the accounting.

Timeliness is important in accounting in budgetary institutions: all transactions must be recorded and reflected on time.

Accounting reporting

Accounting reporting in the budget is carried out strictly on the basis of the Chart of Accounts, which was mentioned above - all reporting requirements are specified in the relevant instructions. The generally accepted principle of double entry applies for all completed transactions of an enterprise: each change in the status of funds on the balance sheet of the institution must be reflected in at least two different accounts. All transactions are reflected only upon their completion (accrual method); values ​​and assets on the balance sheet are accounted for separately.

As for the timing, there are no significant differences from the usual accounting procedure.

Frequency of reporting in accounting in institutions:

• 1 time per quarter (April 1, July 1 and October 1 of the reporting year);
• Annual reporting (January 1 of the year following the reporting year).

The reporting period is considered to be from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. The reporting date (the date on which the financial statements are prepared) is considered to be the last calendar day of the reporting period. The exception is cases when the institution is being reorganized or liquidated, as well as cases when a budget institution is undergoing the process of transformation into a state-owned one.

In budget accounting, reporting is completed exclusively in rubles, taking into account kopecks to two decimal places (the use of other currencies is unacceptable according to the principles of working with public money). Documents must be signed by the manager and chief accountant, and in some cases, by the head of the financial and economic service budgetary institution(if the company has one). These same persons are responsible to the state.

Balance sheet structure

The balance sheet of a budgetary institution is a report on the state of the enterprise’s funds, which reflects its assets and liabilities. Compiled on the basis of regulations applicable to a specific type of institution. The main task of the balance sheet of a budgetary institution is to show the movement of budgetary funds and ensure control over their expenditure.

The balance sheet of a budgetary institution implements the principle of two-sidedness: economic assets are reflected according to their material composition and location (asset) and sources of formation, intended purpose (liability).

In budget accounting, the balance sheet has a special structure. Assets include non-current assets (funds for long-term use) + current assets (funds intended for use during the statutory economic activity) + costs. To the passive - equity+ liabilities + income.

Important!

Since budgetary organizations do not have their own funds, they cover all expenses through government appropriations and special funds. The movement of these funds is reflected in the reporting.

Cases when an accountant, changing jobs, moves from a commercial structure to a budgetary institution and vice versa are not so rare. In such a situation, he needs to remember that accounting in both areas, although based on general concepts and principles, however, there are significant differences. Yulia Volkhina, project manager at SKB Kontur, talks about what exactly these differences are. This article opens a series of materials from BukhOnline, which will be devoted to the features of budget accounting.

Legal status of the organization

The Civil Code divides organizations into commercial and non-profit. The main goal of commercial organizations is to make a profit. Accordingly, non-profit organizations are those for which profit is not an end in itself. These, in particular, include state and municipal institutions (clause 8, part 3, article of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Both federal departments and bodies of federal subjects and municipalities can act as founders of such organizations.

A state or municipal institution can be a state-owned, budgetary or autonomous institution (Article 123.22 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition to the “statutory” type of activity, a public sector organization can conduct other work only if it does not contradict the goals of its creation. The addition must be specified in the statutory documents.

What regulatory legal acts govern accounting?

In matters of accounting, both budgetary institutions and commercial organizations are guided by the same law - Federal Law dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”.

However, additional regulatory legal acts have been developed for each area. State employees also use in their work instructions for the use of the Unified Chart of Accounts and separate ones for each type of state (municipal) institutions: state-owned, budgetary or autonomous. For commercial structures regulatory framework supplement the accounting regulations (standards) approved by the Russian Ministry of Finance.

Basic regulating accounting documents

Obligations of a budgetary organization

When starting work in the public sector, an accountant will certainly encounter specifics regarding property and financial obligations:

• the state (municipal) task is carried out by the institution at the expense of subsidies from the corresponding level of the budget of the Russian Federation;
• property is assigned to the institution by right operational management;
• land plot provided to a budget institution on the right of permanent (indefinite) use;
• the owner of the property is Russian Federation, subject of the Russian Federation or municipality;
• a budgetary institution cannot be liable for the obligations of property owners;
• the institution does not have the right to dispose of real estate and especially valuable movable property assigned to it by the owner or acquired at the expense of funds allocated by the owner, etc.

These and other provisions are established in Article 9 Federal Law“On Non-Profit Organizations” No. 7-FZ dated January 12, 1996.

What is the difference between “commercial” and “budgetary” charts of accounts?

In the accounting of organizations of different forms of ownership, the differences begin with the chart of accounts. The essence of the accounts remains common - accounting for fixed assets and inventories, settlements with suppliers, customers, accountable persons, etc. However, the numbers and names of the accounts do not match: account 10 “Materials” - in commercial accounts and account 105XX “Inventories” - in budget accounting.

The budget chart of accounts is fraught with the greatest difficulties for an inexperienced accountant. They are connected with the need to control the intended use of allocated funds. If an account in a commercial organization includes only two digits, then the accounts of a budgetary institution consist of 26 digits. A special budget classification is used.

So, in the account number of a budgetary institution, the first 17 digits indicate an analytical code based on the classification of inflows and outflows of funds. The 18th digit indicates the code of one of the types financial security: income-generating activities, funds at temporary disposal, subsidies for the implementation of state (municipal) tasks, etc. The following categories contain:

• 19-21st - synthetic account code of the Chart of Accounts of accounting (budget) accounting;
• 22nd and 23rd - code of the analytical account of the Chart of Accounts of accounting (budget) accounting;
• 24-26th - analytical code of the type of receipts, disposals of an accounting object.

Scope of reporting and deadlines for its submission

An accountant who comes to the budget from the commercial sector will have to face an increase in the volume of reporting to regulatory authorities. This is dictated by different operating principles of budgetary and commercial structures and the corresponding features of legal regulation.

If a commercial organization submits financial statements once a year, then the state (municipal) institution follows a special schedule, which is drawn up and approved by the Russian Ministry of Finance and the relevant financial authorities. According to the instructions and depending on the type of organization, state employees submit reports:

• monthly (about 1-5 forms),
• quarterly (about 5-10 forms),
• once a year (from 10 to 30 forms).

A commercial organization submits annual reports to tax office no later than March 31 of the year following the reporting year. These statements consist of a balance sheet, a report financial results and applications to them.

State employees prepare many more forms. Thus, recipients of budget funds submit the balance sheet of the chief manager, manager, recipient of budget funds, chief administrator, administrator of sources of financing the budget deficit, chief administrator, administrator of budget revenues (form 0503130, order No. 191n).

Also budget and autonomous institutions(order No. 33n) represent:

• balance sheet of a state (municipal) institution (form 0503730);
• report on the institution’s implementation of its financial and economic activity plan (f. 0503737);
• report on the financial results of the institution (form 0503721);
• information on the institution’s receivables and payables (form 0503769);
• information about the institution’s cash balances (form 0503779).

The reporting of a budgetary institution directly depends on the sources from which its activities are financed. These can be subsidies for state (municipal) assignments, the institution’s own income, funds at temporary disposal, funds for compulsory health insurance, etc. Like commercial companies, public sector employees are required to submit the institution’s balance sheet and a number of other forms to the territorial tax office no later than March 31 the year following the reporting year. But in addition to this, they are obliged to submit financial statements to their founder within the prescribed period.

Balance sheet structure

At first glance, the balance sheets of commercial and budgetary organizations are similar - both contain an asset and a liability, which are divided into several parts. However, upon closer examination, an experienced accountant will discover significant differences. For example, a budgetary institution is required to separately indicate transactions with target funds, its own income, and funds at temporary disposal. If an accountant reflects data for the reporting and previous year in the balance sheet of a budgetary institution, then in working with commercial accounting it will be necessary to prepare a balance sheet reporting year and the previous two.

In a commercial structure, the asset is divided into non-current and current assets, the circulation of funds forms the basis of the asset of the commercial balance sheet. State employees have two components: financial and non-financial assets, and funds are divided into those expressed in monetary terms and those that have a tangible form. Liability balance in commercial structure contains an indication of own and borrowed funds. The latter are divided into long-term and short-term liabilities. For the balance sheet of a budgetary institution, it is important to reflect the types of payments, regardless of their repayment period.

Instead of a conclusion

Differences between budgetary accounting and commercial accounting occur at any level, be it accounting objects, liabilities, chart of accounts or reporting structure. They are determined primarily by the purpose for which the organization is created and the characteristics of its financing. Therefore, an accountant who has decided to change his field of activity and move to a budget organization should be recommended to use a specialized program for maintaining budget accounting. This will allow him to quickly understand the differences and more easily master accounting in a new area.