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socialization Socialization of a person is the process of his active inclusion in public life.
stages of socialization
ERIKSON'S CONTRIBUTION E. Erickson developed a psychosocial concept of personality development, where he showed the close relationship between personality development and the nature of the social environment in which it develops. He introduced the concept of “group identity,” which is formed from the first days of a person’s life.
“As the problem of socialization is solved at the first stage, it will proceed similarly at the last. "(Erikson) "You can understand life only at the end, but you must live it first." (worldly wisdom)
Transitions from one age period of socialization to another are considered as critical, transitional ages, which is associated with the breakdown of previous social relations with environment and the formation of new ones. During these periods, it should be taken into account that children: - are difficult to educate; - show stubbornness; - disobedience; - obstinacy; - negativism, etc.
Mechanisms of socialization
large and small proceed outwardly calmly and are associated with the growth of the totality of knowledge, skills and abilities, and the relative independence of the child. are caused by the restructuring of relations with the social environment. CRISES
Socialization theories Social learning theories (behaviourist) Psychoanalytic theories (identification) Cognitive theories (social comparison)
Violation of socialization Prosocial behavior is a person’s behavior among other people, unselfishly aimed at the common good. Antisocial behavior (deviant) is illegal (involves administrative or criminal liability), or immoral (systematic drunkenness, drug addiction, money-grubbing, sexual promiscuity, and sometimes suicidal behavior is included).
Immoral antisocial behavior Depending on the ways an individual interacts with reality and violations of certain norms of society, deviant behavior is divided into five types (according to V.D. Mendelevich): Delinquent type of deviant behavior (crime, misdemeanor). Addictive (sexual interactions, workaholism, fanaticism). Pathocharacterological (psychopathy and character accentuations) Psychopathological (mental disorders and diseases). Based on hyperabilities (mathematical, musical, artistic and other).
Non-illegal deviant behavior
Antisocial deviant behavior
1) Deviant personal behavior is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms. 2) Deviant behavior and the personality that manifests it causes negative evaluation from other people (condemnation, social sanctions). 3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive. 4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged). 5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual. 6) Deviant behavior is considered within the limits of the medical norm. 7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladjustment. 8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender specificity. SIGNS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR:
Aggression. - Suicide. - Abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity (alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, etc.). - Eating disorders (overeating, starvation). - Anomalies of sexual behavior (deviations, perversions, deviations of psychosocial development). - Extremely valuable psychological hobbies (“workaholism”, “gambling”, fanaticism, collecting). Clinical forms of deviant behavior are distinguished:
Extremely valuable pathopsychological hobbies (a type of mania, litigiousness, etc.). - Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions (emancipation, grouping, etc.). - Communicative deviations (autization, hyper sociability, conformism, phobic, narcissistic behavior). - Immoral, immoral behavior (greed, envy, adultery, vanity, etc.). - Unaesthetic behavior (deviation of speech style - stuttering, dyslalia, aphasia), deviation of gaze style, movements, etc.
Deviant behavior can be combined with quite good knowledge moral standards, which indicates the need to form moral habits at a relatively early age. !!!
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In society, new people are born every second who do not yet know anything: neither the rules, nor the norms, nor the laws according to which their parents live. They need to be taught everything so that they become independent members of society, active participants in its life, capable of teaching the new generation.
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Process of assimilation by the individual social norms, cultural values and behavioral patterns of the society to which he belongs is called socialization. It includes the transfer and mastery of knowledge, abilities, skills, the formation of values, ideals, norms and rules of social behavior. Socialization is a set of agents and institutions that form, guide, stimulate, and limit the formation of a person’s personality. The process of socialization covers all layers of society. Within its framework, the assimilation of new norms and values to replace old ones is called resocialization, and the loss of social behavior skills by an individual is called desocialization. Deviation in socialization is usually called deviation.
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Stage of adaptation (birth - adolescence). Identification stage. Integration stage. Labor stage. Post-work stage (old age).
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Infancy stage (from 0 to 1.5 years). Early childhood stage (from 1.5 to 4 years). Stage of childhood (from 4 to 6 years).. Stage associated with primary school age (from 6 to 11 years). Adolescence stage (from 11 to 20 years). Stage of adolescence (from 21 to 25 years). Maturity stage (from 25 to 55/60 years). Old age stage (over 55/60 years). At each stage of socialization, a person is influenced by certain factors, the ratio of which is different at different stages.
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These are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and social values. Individuals, groups, as well as social institutions through which socialization occurs are called agents of socialization.
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Primary socialization covers the period from birth to the formation of a mature personality. The agents of primary socialization of the individual are the immediate environment, which has a direct impact on it: Family Parents Friends Peers School (teachers) Sports (coaches) Etc. In modern times, such agents of primary socialization as the media and the Internet are gaining power.
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Secondary socialization is the process of development of a socially mature personality, associated mainly with mastering a profession. Secondary socialization is carried out by people connected by formal business relations, heads of institutions, organizations, official representatives of the state and its bodies. Media
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Parameters influencing relationships between family members, their life together, child development:
1. Demographic parameter. 2. Socio-cultural parameter. 3. Socio-economic parameter. 4. Technical and hygienic parameter.
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The socialization process is carried out on the basis of four hierarchically located structures. The impact of these structures is layered on top of each other. The first structure is the microsystem. The second structure is the mesosystem. The third structure is the exosystem. The fourth structure is macrosystems. Thus, socialization is one of the main social mechanisms that ensure the preservation, reproduction and development of any society.
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It is the most important result of socialization and consists in regulating his behavior, which leads to the subordination of the individual to the group into which he is integrated. Such submission is expressed in meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the norms prescribed by the group. Social control can be: formal informal
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When the ideals of society are incommensurate with the real possibilities of achieving them, individuals may use other means to achieve their goals. This choice is associated with deviant behavior, i.e. one that does not correspond to the social norm. T Thus, some individuals, in pursuit of illusory success, wealth and power, choose socially prohibited or illegal means and become either delinquents or criminals. Another type of violation of norms is open disobedience and protest, demonstrative rejection of the values accepted by society. Thus, deviation is the result of the inability or unwillingness of individuals to adapt to society and its requirements, in other words, it indicates a complete or relative failure of socialization in this particular case.
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The concept of status is usually associated with the concept of prestige. Social prestige is a public assessment of the significance of the position that a person occupies in the social structure. The higher the prestige of a person’s social position, the higher his social status is assessed. For example: education received in a good educational institution and a high position are considered prestigious; specific place of residence (capital, city center). E If they talk about the high importance not of a social position, but of a specific person and his personal qualities, in this case they mean not prestige, but authority.
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In general, five factors can be identified that influence the socialization process:
biological heredity; physical environment; culture, social environment; group experience; individual experience.
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Socialization is a complex, vital process. It largely depends on him how an individual will be able to realize his inclinations, abilities, and succeed as a person. The process of socialization of a person continues throughout his life, but it is especially intense in his youth. It is then that the foundation for the spiritual development of the individual is created, which increases the importance of the quality of education, increases the responsibility of society, which sets a certain coordinate system for the educational process, which includes the formation of a worldview based on universal and spiritual values, the development of creative thinking, the development of high social activity, determination, needs and the ability to work in a team, the desire for new things and the ability to find optimal solutions to life problems in non-standard situations;
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the need for constant self-education and the formation of professional qualities, the ability to make decisions independently, respect for laws, moral values, social responsibility, civic courage, develops a sense of internal freedom and self-esteem, nurturing the national self-awareness of a citizen
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Lesson topic:
Socialization. Agents of socialization.
1.Professional interests, inclinations and abilities
2. Socialization.
3. Agents of socialization.
Interests- these are the motivations of the cognitive
character. Interests are related to needs
person.
Interests are distinguished:
Professional interest- it's emotional
a person's colored attitude towards a certain species
activities.
Addiction
Addiction is more than just
cognitive impulse is an active, conscious transformative attitude towards something.
Interests
Tendencies
I want to know
I want to do
Capabilities
Capabilities- these are individual
personality traits that provide him with
success in activity.
The highest levels of development of abilities are talent and genius .
Types of abilities
CAPABILITIES
General
Special
Pedagogical,
sports,
technical,
mathematical,
artistic,
organizational,
literary and linguistic
Intelligence,
performance,
determination, etc. .
The concept and essence of socialization
The term “socialization” came to human science from political economy, where it originally meant “socialization.” The American sociologist Giddings in 1887 in his book “The Theory of Socialization” first used it in the meaning in relation to a person - “the development of the social nature or character of the individual, the preparation of human material for social life" By the middle of the 20th century. socialization has become an independent field of research.
An analysis of numerous concepts of socialization shows that they all gravitate towards one of two approaches that diverge from each other in understanding the role of the person himself in the process of socialization.
Socialization- This
Stages of socialization:
(early) (mature)
An individual's acquisition of special knowledge and skills - professional socialization;
Inclusion of the individual in the system of social division of labor;
Changing a person’s lifestyle due to exclusion from the production environment
(maturity, old age).
The acquisition by an individual of general cultural knowledge, the development of initial ideas about the world and the nature of human relationships
(childhood, youth)
Stages of socialization
Factors and means of socialization
Factors
socialization
Megafactors
(mega - very
general)
Macro factors
(macro – large)
Mesofactors
(meso – average,
intermediate)
Microfactors
society,
state
type of settlement in which they
live (region, village, city, town);
by belonging to the audience
or other media (radio, television);
by belonging to one or another
subcultures
family, home, neighbor
education, peer groups,
educational, social,
state, religious
and private organizations
world society
Agents of socialization-
specific people responsible for teaching other people cultural norms and helping them learn different social roles
Parents, brothers, sisters, relatives, teachers (primary socialization)
Television employees, enterprises, police officers (secondary socialization)
Institutes of socialization- it's social
institutions that influence and guide the process of socialization
Family, school (primary socialization)
Media, army, church
(secondary socialization)
Types of socialization
Primary socialization
essence
Secondary socialization
The sphere of interpersonal relationships, the immediate environment of a person
Agents and institutions
Parents, brothers, sisters, relatives, friends, coaches
Sphere of social, formal relations
Their functions
State, production, media, army, court, church, school.
Each - many functions, interchangeable
Highly specialized: each - 1-2 functions
A4 page 46 TK
A) During socialization, the individual enters the social environment and adapts to it.
B) During socialization, the individual assimilates social experience.
1)Correct A; 3) both are correct;
2) Correct B; 4) both are incorrect.
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Plan: 1. Socialization as a socio-pedagogical phenomenon. 1.1. The concept and essence of socialization. 1.2. Stages and agents of socialization. 1.3. Factors and means of socialization. 1.4. Mechanisms and structure of the socialization process.2. Estimated condition person in socialization. 2.1. Man as an object and subject of socialization. 2.2. Man as a victim of socialization.
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1. Socialization as a socio-pedagogical phenomenon 1.1. The concept and essence of socialization The term “socialization” came to human science from political economy, where it originally meant “socialization.” The American sociologist Giddings in 1887 in his book “The Theory of Socialization” first used it in the meaning in relation to a person - “the development of the social nature or character of the individual, the preparation of human material for social life.” By the middle of the 20th century. socialization has become an independent field of research. An analysis of numerous concepts of socialization shows that they all gravitate towards one of two approaches that diverge from each other in understanding the role of the person himself in the process of socialization.
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The conclusion is the understanding that in the process of socialization there is an internal, unresolvable conflict between the degree of adaptation of a person in society and the degree of his isolation in society. Effective socialization requires a certain balance of adaptation and isolation.
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1.2. Stages and agents of socialization Human socialization has features at various stages. The stages of socialization can be correlated with the age periodization of a person’s life. There are various periodizations, and they are all quite conventional. Stage I – infancy (from birth to 1 year). Stage II – early childhood (1-3 years). Stage III – preschool childhood (3-6 years). IV stage – junior school age(6-10 years old). Stage V – early adolescence (10-12 years). Stage VI – senior adolescence (12-14 years). Stage VII – early adolescence (14-18 years). Stage VIII – adolescence (18-23 years). Stage IX – youth (23-30 years). Stage X – early maturity (30-40 years). Stage XI – late maturity (40-55 years). Stage XII – elderly (55-65 years). Stage XIII – old age (65-80 years). Stage XIV – longevity (over 80 years).
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An important role in how a person grows up and how his development goes is played by the people in direct interaction with whom his life takes place. They are called agents of socialization. There are primary and secondary agents of socialization. At different age stages, the composition of agents is specific. In their role, agents differ depending on how significant they are for a person, how interaction with them is structured, in what direction and by what means they exert their influence. Primary agents are those who are emotionally connected to the child (family, close relatives). Secondary agents are numerous and conditionally divided into several stages: people who take on the functions of primary agents; peers; public agents (representatives of the administration of a school, university, enterprise, army); forced interaction (passengers in the subway, tram).
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1.3. Factors and means of socialization Socialization occurs in interaction with a huge number of various conditions, influencing the development of people. These conditions affecting people are called factors. Not all of them have been identified, and those identified have not all been sufficiently studied. The studied factors can be conditionally grouped into four groups:
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Means of socialization Human socialization is carried out by a wide range of means specific to society, to the social system, to the age of the person being socialized. These include: methods of feeding and caring for a baby; developed household and hygienic skills; products of material culture surrounding a person; elements of spiritual culture; style and content of communication; methods of reward and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in organizations.
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1.4. Mechanisms and structure of the socialization process Mechanisms of socialization Socio-psychological mechanisms of socialization: imprinting (imprinting); existential pressure; imitation; identification (identification); - reflection. Social and pedagogical mechanisms of socialization: traditional; institutional; stylized; interpersonal.
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Socio-psychological mechanisms Socio-psychological mechanisms affect the conscious and subconscious. Imprinting is a person’s fixation at the receptor and subconscious levels of the characteristics of vital objects affecting him. Mostly works in infancy and early childhood, although it can also occur at later stages. Existential pressure is the acquisition of language and the unconscious assimilation of norms of social behavior that are mandatory in the process of interaction with significant persons (adjustment). Imitation is following an example or model (one of the ways of a person’s voluntary and most often involuntary assimilation of social experience). Identification is the process of a person’s unconscious identification of himself with another person, group, or model. Reflection is an internal dialogue in which a person examines, evaluates, accepts or rejects certain values inherent in various institutions of society.
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Socio-pedagogical mechanisms The traditional mechanism of socialization is the assimilation by a person of norms, standards of behavior, views, stereotypes that are characteristic of his family and immediate environment (neighbors, friends). This assimilation occurs on an unconscious level through imprinting, uncritical perception of prevailing stereotypes. The institutional mechanism of socialization functions in the process of interaction of a person with the institutions of society and various organizations, both specially created for his socialization, and implementing socializing functions along the way, in parallel with their main functions (production, public, club and mass communication). The media of mass communication (print, radio, cinema, television) influence the socialization of a person not only through the broadcast of certain information, but also through the presentation of certain patterns of behavior of characters in books, films, and television programs. The stylized mechanism of socialization operates within a certain subculture. Subculture is a complex of moral and psychological traits and behavioral ideas typical of people of a certain age or a certain professional or cultural layer, which as a whole creates a certain style of life and thinking of a particular age, professional or social group. A subculture influences a person’s socialization if its carriers of a group of people (colleagues, peers) are referent (meaningful) for him. The interpersonal mechanism of socialization functions in the process of interaction of a person with persons who are subjectively significant to him. This mechanism stands out as specific, since it is based on the psychological mechanism of interpersonal transfer due to empathy and identification.
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Structure of the socialization process The socialization process can be divided into four components: 1 – spontaneous socialization of a person under the influence of the circumstances of society, the content, nature and results of which are determined by socio-economic and socio-cultural realities; 2 – relatively guided socialization, when the state takes certain economic, legislative, organizational measures to solve its problems, which objectively influence the change in the opportunities and nature of development, on life path one or another age groups and socio-professional groups of the population (determining the mandatory minimum education, age and terms of service in the army, retirement age, etc.). 3 – relatively socially controlled socialization (upbringing) – the systematic creation by society and the state of legal, organizational, material and spiritual conditions for the development and education of a person; 4 – more or less conscious self-change of a person who has a prosocial, asocial or antisocial vector (self-construction, self-improvement, self-destruction) in accordance with individual resources and objective conditions of life and in spite of them.
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2. Estimated state of a person in socialization 2.1. Man as an object and subject of socialization Every person, especially in childhood, adolescence and youth, is an object of socialization, since society is interested in a person: successfully mastering the roles of a man or a woman (gender-role socialization), creating a strong family (family socialization), was able to participate in social and economic life (professional socialization), was a law-abiding citizen (political socialization), etc. Requirements for a person in one aspect or another of socialization are made not only by society as a whole, but also by specific groups and organizations. The level of these requirements depends on the age and social status of the person to whom they are imposed (age and social socialization). The individual, as an object of socialization, is required to learn roles and expected behavior in relation to family and society, and to develop satisfactory relationships with other people.
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A person becomes a full-fledged member of society only by being active, self-developing and self-realizing in society, i.e. being a subject of socialization. Socialization becomes successful for a person if his personality develops in the process. A person becomes a subject of socialization objectively, because at each age stage he is faced with tasks, for the solution of which he consciously or unconsciously sets appropriate goals for himself, i.e. exhibits subjectivity and subjectivity. Conventionally, three groups of tasks can be distinguished: natural-cultural, socio-cultural and socio-psychological. Natural and cultural tasks of achieving a certain level of physical and sexual development at each age stage. At each age stage, a person learns the bodily canon characteristic of the culture in which he lives (erotica, pornography), elements of etiquette, symbolism, kinesic language (gestures, postures, facial expressions, pantomime) associated with gender leftist behavior; realizes physical and sexual inclinations; leads a healthy lifestyle that is adequate for gender and age (hygiene, routine, nutrition, management of one’s psycho-physical state); rebuilds the lifestyle in accordance with individual capabilities. Socio-cultural cognitive, moral, value-semantic tasks are objectively determined by society as a whole, as well as by ethno-regional characteristics and a person’s immediate environment. Specific socio-cultural tasks face a person at every age stage in the process of participation in the life of society. A person, in accordance with his age capabilities, is expected to be involved in a certain level of social culture, possess a certain amount of knowledge, abilities, skills, and a certain level of formation of values. Social and psychological tasks are the formation of a person’s self-awareness, his self-determination in current life and in the future, self-realization and self-affirmation. Self-awareness of a person is the achievement by him at each age of a certain measure of self-knowledge, the presence of a relatively holistic self-concept. Self-determination of a person presupposes his finding a certain position in various fields actual life activity and the development of plans for various periods of future life. Self-realization presupposes a person’s implementation of activity in areas of life and relationships that are significant to him, and it is necessary that the success of this realization be recognized and approved by persons significant to the person. Self-affirmation is a person’s achievement of subjective satisfaction with the result and process of self-realization.
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2.2. Man as a victim of socialization Man is not only the object and subject of socialization, but he can become its victim. This is due to the fact that the process and result of socialization contain an internal contradiction. Successful socialization presupposes, on the one hand, effective adaptation of a person in society, and on the other hand, the ability to resist society to a certain extent. The process of socialization involves an internal, completely unresolvable conflict between the degree of a person’s adaptation in society and the degree of his isolation in society. Effective socialization presupposes a certain balance between adaptation in society and isolation in it. People who are unable to maintain a balance between adaptation and isolation may become victims of socialization. These primarily include conformists and dissidents. Conformist - completely adapted to society and unable to resist it. A dissident is a person who has not adapted to society, but is quite actively isolated. The socialization of specific people in any society takes place in different conditions, which are characterized by the presence of hazards that affect human development. At each age stage of socialization, we can identify the most typical dangers that a person is most likely to encounter. These include: ill health of parents, drunkenness, nutrition, hypo- and overprotection, negative attitude, deviant behavior of parents, etc. Whether a person will encounter these dangers depends on his individual characteristics. Types of victims of unfavorable socialization conditions: real - disabled people, people with mental and somatic defects and deviations; potential - people with borderline mental conditions; migrants from country to country, from region, etc.; children born into families with low moral, economic and cultural levels; representatives of foreign national groups in places of complex residence of another ethnic group; latent - highly gifted people whose socialization conditions are insufficient for the development and implementation of the talent inherent in them, which neither they nor their loved ones even suspect. Thus, a person appears in all three hypostases - object, subject and victim in spontaneous, guided, and socially controlled socialization.
Stages of socialization It is known that a baby enters the big world as a biological organism and his main concern at this moment is his own physical comfort. After some time, the child becomes a human being with a complex of attitudes and values, with likes and dislikes, goals and intentions, patterns of behavior and responsibility, as well as with a uniquely individual vision of the world. A person achieves this state through a process we call socialization. During this process, the individual becomes a human person.
Stages of socialization Pre-labor stage. Early socialization from birth to school entry; Stage of education – school years, student years (university – dual reference). Labor stage. The idea of socialization as a continuous process, lifelong education. Specifics of socialization of adults. Post-labor stage. The idea of “desocialization”, collapsing social functions. The role of older people in the reproduction of social experience. Changing the activity type.
Socialization is a two-way process, including: the individual’s assimilation of social experience by entering the social environment, a system of social connections; the process of active reproduction by an individual of a system of social connections due to his active activity, active inclusion in the social environment. The term “socialization” is distinguished from the related concepts “personal development” and “upbringing”.
Institutes of socialization Institutes of socialization are specific groups in which the individual is introduced to systems of norms and values and which act as a transmitter of social experience (Belinskaya, Tikhomandritskaya). Pre-labor stage: family, preschool institutions, school, peer groups, educational institutions. Labor stage: work collective, team, organization. Post-labor stage: public organizations, whose members are pensioners.
The process of socialization of the individual includes the education of an active social responsibility, awareness of duty to society, understanding of the need to comply with social norms, which ultimately ensures normative behavior, a high degree of social education of a person, and the prevention of his antisocial manifestations.
Three spheres of personality development: activity Throughout the process of socialization, the “catalog” of activities expands. Three important processes: Orientation in the system of connections (through personal meanings); Centering around the main thing (the emergence of a hierarchy of personality); Mastering new roles and understanding their significance
Three areas of personality development: communication Communication in the context of socialization is considered from the perspective of its expansion and deepening: the expansion of communication is understood as an increase in contacts with other people, the specificity of these contacts at each age; deepening communication is a transition from monologue to dialogical communication.
Three spheres of personality formation: self-awareness The process of socialization means the formation of the image of “I” in a person: the separation of this image from activity; interpretation of "I"; Social psychology: how does a person's inclusion in various social groups trigger this process?
CONCLUSIONS: socialization is a two-way process, including, on the one hand, the individual’s assimilation of social experience by entering the social environment, a system of social connections; on the other hand, the process of active reproduction of a system of social connections by an individual due to his active activity, active inclusion in the social environment; the formation of personality occurs in three areas: activity, consciousness, communication; a special role in modern socialization belongs to education and the acquisition of a profession; V modern conditions an active life position of the individual is formed.
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