Presentation on the topic of skinhead subculture. Presentation "skinheads"

Appearance The appearance of skinheads largely replicates the appearance of houses: Fred Perry and Ben Sherman polos and sweaters, Levi's jeans, a classic Crombie coat and Dr. Martens boots, but in addition it also has its own characteristics. To the basic appearance were added: checkered shirts, denim jackets, thin suspenders and rolled-up jeans (the latter became a kind of “calling card” of the style). Long jackets disappeared.

The Celtic cross is equal to a radial cross with a circle. It is a characteristic symbol of Celtic Christianity, although it has more ancient pagan roots. In the 80s of the 20th century, the Celtic cross became a symbol of the White Power movement of white racists and NS skinheads Odal () (Old German Oüila “heritage”, Anglo-Saxon Oeüel) 24th rune of the ancient Germanic and 23rd rune Anglo-Saxon runic alphabets. The Odal rune is depicted on the emblem of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division "Prinz Eugen", the 23rd SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division "Nederland" and on the flag of the Croatian Volksdeutsche. Iron Cross Prussian and German military award. Established by Friedrich Wilhelm III on March 10, 1813 for military distinction in the war for the liberation of Germany from Napoleon. The Death's Head is a symbol of death and at the same time fearlessness in the face of it in the form of a skull and crossbones (usually white or silver on a black background). This symbol is also used by some modern neo-Nazi organizations, such as Combat 18.

Various directions of the movement Traditional Skinheads arose as a reaction to the emergence of pro-political offshoots from the original subculture. They follow the image of the first skinheads: devotion to the subculture, memory of roots (family, working class), and apoliticality. The unofficial slogan is "Remember the Spirit of 69", as it is believed that in 1969 the skinhead movement was at its peak. Closely associated with ska and reggae music, as well as modern music Oi R.A.S.H. (English Red & Anarchist Skinheads) “Reds” and anarchist skinheads who inherited the ideas of socialism, communism, and anarchism from the “native” working class. The pro-political movement Hardcore Skinheads is an offshoot of skinheads that is primarily associated with the hardcore scene rather than Oi! and ska. Hardcore skinheads became common at the end of the first wave of hardcore. They preserved the ideas of their predecessors and had no racial prejudices.

NS skinheads (White Power skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) appeared in England in the first half of the 70s. They adhere to right-wing ideologies, nationalists or racists, some advocate the idea of ​​racial separatism and white supremacy (so-called White Power). Due to the fact that racist views contradict the original spirit of the movement, other representatives of the subculture insultingly call NS skinheads boneheads.

We will talk about NS skinheads, of which there are quite a lot in our country. NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of the superiority of the white, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism. NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes. , opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality. The subject of hostility in Russia is blacks and Asians, as well as immigrants from Transcaucasia and Central Asia, less often towards natives of the North Caucasus and Volga region

Russian skinheads A peculiarity of Russian skins is their love for the flag of the slaveholding Confederacy during the war between North and South in the United States, usually sewn on the sleeve or, if the patch is large, on the back of the jacket. Patches in the form of a swastika, a portrait of Hitler, and the number 88 (that is, “ Heit Hitler!) or the letters WP (“White Power”) They do not carry weapons with them, but in fights they use belts with a weighted buckle wound around the hand. The latest in skin fashion is to decorate the belt with a supposedly decorative chain (in fact, the chain makes this improvised brass knuckles are more dangerous)

Attitudes towards other subcultures The most friendly relations with bikers With metalheads and punks, communication varies from moderately peaceful to mild hostility The main enemies are rappers and ravers Rappers are hated for imitating the black culture that is completely alien to us Ravers - for unisex, adherence to synthetic drugs and financial wealth

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A particle of history. Have you ever met the groups of young people with shaved heads wearing the black jeans and jackets without collars, army boots and the badges of slavery confederation? They are skinheads. Nobody writes about them but the skinheads became the legend among the adolescents in different cities. Adults don’t try to notice them like the representatives of law. That’s why it’s one of the most important problem nowadays. Where did this movement come from? When and where did the skins appear? I think, the majority of our population don’t know the answers on these questions. The first skinheads appeared in England in 1968-69s. They didn’t have anything in common with the rebellious skinheads of our generation. They differed a lot. the skins of “the first wave” were the British worker’s subculture. They came up against an official bourgeois culture and counterculture of 60s years. The young from worker’s districts considered that the British counterculture was a desire of mother’s darlings from the middle class families and the rich families too. It was the entertainment for the rich to pretend that they were against bourgeois society. The skinheads chose the own style of clothes to cut a dash out of crowds. The most interesting fact is that the first skinheads loved and respect the black people. They listened to black’s music like west – Indian and Jamaica’s style of music called blue beat in England. The favorite singers were nigroes. Normally the skins discovered and made Bob Marley the world star. The black men and the skinheads lived together worked at the same plants, studied at the same schools. They fought with the bourgeois children together.

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The second wave The skinheads of “the second wave” existed in England at the end of the 70s years. It was a product of punk’s corruption from one side and the result of economic crisis from the other. Living in difficult times during the unemployed period among the rebellions and violence the skinheads began to fight with the same adolescents of another districts at the streets. Since the end of the 70s years in Britain the fascist ideology had been acting. Fascists became an instance for skinheads quickly. They began an active work with them. The fascists gave money for arranging skin-clubs and skins started to sing the frank racist songs, created own music in the style “oi”. Soon they changed into national skins. Their lotto was “Keep Britain White”. Later the such subculture made a progress in many European countries and the USA too. The main place of this movement in Europe was Germany. In differ from British and American skins who simply beat the black and Asian men the German were famous of killing. Very quickly German skin society converted into the most political group.

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Russian skinheads The first Russian skinheads appeared in the beginning of 90s years in Moscow. They were about ten people in the capital and 5 in Saint-Petersburg. Their behavior was quietly making the demonstrations of themselves in the center of the city. The first skins were a clean product of adolescent imitated the west model. It had been lasting until the beginning of 1994 Suddenly in this time the skins had been becoming numerous and noticeable phenomenon for several weeks. Outwardly it was connected with the political occurrences in the country showing the young generation that the most convenient argument in any discussion was violence. Police’s terror in the streets of Moscow, ethnic riddance made great influence on the young minds. Having seen how police and soldiers robbed and beat by foot the people of unsuitable looks with impunity and heard the “patriotic talks” of Moscow’s government the bad adolescents of sleeping districts and from unfortunate families found the samples for imitation quickly. And the Chechnya "s war assisted the growth of skins either. Nobody fought with them. As long as the police was getting rid of Caucasians the skinheads like cowards chose their victims among the residents from Middle Asia or from the countries of “the third world "At first they were black men and Asian people. Historical centers of skins' movement in Russia were Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and Novgorod. Moscow's skins set upon the Africans and the Indians, Saint-Petersburg's skins attacked the Africans, the Neapolitans, the Chinese, in Novgorod the victims became the residents of Middle Asian like the refugees from Tadzhikistan. Everywhere especially in Novgorod the police had normal relations with skins that's why they didn't make the criminal affairs against them. The racial terror was thriving.

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The skins’ growth in Russia In the atmosphere of permission the skins’ movement had been growing without restrictions and reached the noticeable size. Nowadays it goes on. For example, there were 3500-4000 skins in Moscow in 1999 Without doubt not only political events impacted the skins prosperity. Two important factors made the base for rapid growth and skins existence among the young in Russia. They were economic crisis and the break up of educational system. Since 1991 disastrous economic reductions had changed millions of the Russians into unemployed people. Formally many of them weren’t considered to be unemployed but in fact they existed. The enterprises also stopped to produce goods working 1-2 days a week or 2-3 month a year. The laborers couldn't get the salary for a year. Majority population having middle incomes became the beggars. All of that was the reason of psychological catastrophe. For decades of soviet experience people had got accustomed to ensuring occupation, state’s power in education, health care system and other social programs. For example, symbolic price on the main products, childish goods, residents service, public transports. Having lost an usual lifestyle the Russians were become wild very quickly. Crimes, alcohol and drugs filled the country. Parents thought how to survive in such a world and didn’t pay attention to the children’s upbringing. The rough houses and violence in the family was normal occurrence.

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Nowadays At the same time with the ruins of the economy break-up of education and upbringing in Russia was going on and leading to the second psychological catastrophe. The consequences of it was a new Russian generation. The main feature for them was the disconnection with traditions, common values ​​and social rules. While parents were becoming wild their children are becoming wild too. In differ from the adults who were trying to keep family and decide some problems the children of reforms without of social experience of growing-up were turning into head of amoral, selfish, greedy, evil and dull society. Of course, such atmosphere assisted in growing the adolescent delinquency, alcoholism, drugs, epidemic of illnesses like AIDS and others. The system of out school education was removed. The houses of culture, the pioneer’s houses which took up the leisure of pupils found the talented boys and girls helped them to develop their abilities disappeared. Unfortunately, organizations’ premises were bought by businessmen who rebuilt it into expensive night clubs, casinos, restaurant for the rich. The children's clubs were eliminated and passed away. Pupils were represented by themselves at free time after school and became the victims of the criminal world. A large amount of youth bangs created in cities which after a while turned into the skinheads bangs. Every bang came up against “strangers” and without doubt the black men were strangers for them too. The Russian skinheads are a products of social changes in the country. We see that the skins’ bang appeared nominally in the big developed cities, where the main wealth had bee concentrating for the last years. Looking at the officials and criminals the poor adolescents were jealous and hated them, but they were afraid to set upon new Russian businessmen due to their security.

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Why led their hatred to the most accessible people-foreigners. In the town the plants and factories suffered from the deep crisis connected with these enterprises. The skins weren’t there, but the varied youth’s bangs were. In theses towns all population was poor. There weren’t any reasons to hate new businessmen who didn’t live there. the hatred was summoned by boreness and jobless life. our skins imitate the western model of clothes. The specific treat of Russian skins is love the slavery confederation’s flag put on the sleeve or on the back of their braziers. Nowadays it is also very popular to wear the stripes like a cross or a portray of Hitler, number 88 or letters WP (means White Power). The skins usually don’t carry any weapons and guns with themselves because they don’t want to come sb’s attention but they use the belts with metal buckles in the fights and battles. The latest “cry” of skins-fashion is decorating their belts with bonds which make these knuckle-duster very dangerous. Our skins are adherents of musical style “oi” like western nation-skins. Western red-skins generally listen to punk music, post-punk, trash or art-rock, jazz-rock. Many of them prefer Pink Floyd and Ganry. Majority of them create musical skin’s group in Moscow as “Conquest”, “White dog”, Vandal”, “crack” and others. But the most famous group is punk oi group “Terror”. Nominally members of “Terror” establish the trends in Russian musical skin culture. Only two groups from Saint-Petersburg and Jaroslavl are opponents for Muscovites. At first they were called “Tottenkopf” but later in 1996 year “Tottenkopf” was shorten like TNF and after several time this abbreviation was interpreted like “Terror National Front”. The texts of skins’ songs as usual are quite primitive and don’t make a strong impression despite their aggression.

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the skins songs There are many Caucasian Nigroes raised their heads, But for our streets, For our girls in the disco Against nigro and Asian For the Russian nation. Neither policy nor perfect-patriot Skinheads go forward! Black bomber, evil wind Skin head. There won’t be a mosque There will be Russian scene Kill without forgiving All Caucasian’s things We are for Russian order For our children’s lives. Without doubt such a text is a reason beginning the criminal affair, but where anybody tried to take to court one of these groups. This text in comparison with another is very moderate and a sample of high “literature”.

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Our skins deal with their western “brothers” actively. The skins’ press also exists: the magazines “White resistance”, “Stop”, “I’m white”, “Street fighter”. The ultra right sites in Internet are especially considered for skins including “Russian mirror” of American skinheads site “Storm front”. Major skins are gathered in little bangs the place of their living or study (80% per cent of them are pupils from the 9th-11th forms, students of colleges, or the unemployed who aren't political organizations. But in Moscow two political severe skinheads organizations work called “Skin legion” and “Blood and Honor” - Russian (have 100-150 members). Members of each group make gossips that hundreds of people join them. Many other simple skins believe it and are jealous and respect them. In spite of them there are few decent skins group for example “Russian aim” and nation-skin-girls group “Russian girls”

Developed by: Korenev Ilya Dmitrievich

Slide 2: The birth of the movement

The first skinheads appeared in England in the fall of 1968, initially it was an offshoot of the mod movement. These were tough guys who equally hated young bourgeois majors and relaxed hippie drug addicts. The first skin generation listened to ska music in defiance of hippie reggae, wore loose suit jackets and badges of banned parties One day in 1969, a fight broke out between skinheads and marines in a port London pub. The first battle for the skinheads ended in heavy losses. After this, the skinheads cut off their collars, narrowed their trousers, took off their badges, and put heavy army boots on their feet.

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The appearance of skins was a consequence of the decomposition of the punk movement and the economic crisis. This is a subculture of guys from the working outskirts - economically depressed areas of the country. These guys had no prospects: they knew that there was no work and there never would be, there was no money and there wouldn’t be any. The only entertainment was to fight with other such the same, but from a neighboring area

Slide 4: CLOTHING

Everything in the skins' clothes is strictly functional, adapted for a street fight: Thick black jeans, cheap, durable, on which dirt and blood are hard to see Heavy laced army boots with thick soles, comfortable for running and a weapon in a fight Short jackets - bombers - for the enemy there was nothing to grab onto A shaved or closely cropped head so that the enemy could not grab the hair No glasses, badges, bags, shoulder straps - nothing that prevents you from dodging from the enemy’s hands

Slide 5: First steps

Since the mid-70s, neo-fascists have become more active in Great Britain. The National Front (NF) and other far-right groups organized street marches and attacked people of color (Asians, Africans, people from the West Indies). The right blamed immigrants of color for the economic crisis: “all sorts of people came here in large numbers and took our jobs.” There was practically no fight against the far-right , the ranks of the NF grew rapidly, the front even won municipal elections in some places. For skinheads, neo-fascists quickly became role models. On the other hand, neo-fascists began to actively work among skinheads. The Nazis gave money to create skin clubs. Amateur skin groups began to sing songs with openly racist lyrics. The favorite slogan of the skins was “Keep Britain white!” This is what the slogan looked like in English: Kip Britin vait!

Slide 6: Spreading the Movement

In the late 70s - early 80s, skins appeared in Scandinavia, Holland, Germany, USA, Canada, Australia In the mid-80s - in France, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland In the 90s in the countries of the former Eastern Bloc and in Russia

Slide 7: Russian skinheads

The peculiarity of Russian skins is their love for the flag of the slaveholding Confederacy during the war between North and South in the United States, usually sewn on the sleeve or, if the patch is large, on the back of the jacket. Badges in the form of a swastika, a portrait of Hitler, the number 88 (that is, “Heit Hitler!”) or the letters WP (“Whit e Power”) are also in use. They do not carry weapons with them, but in fights they use belts with a weighted buckle, wrapped around the hand. The latter the squeak of skin fashion is to decorate a belt with a supposedly decorative chain (in fact, the chain makes this improvised brass knuckles more dangerous)

Slide 8: Music

The first skinheads listened to ska, which evolved into pub rock, as they played it in beer pubs. These were tough, simple, early rock and roll tunes. The fusion of pub rock and punk produced the original skin music called "Oi!" " - angry music of street children, returning to the aggressive roots of punk rock

Slide 9: Interests of Russian skinheads

In politics they focus on the far right or are completely apolitical Negative attitude towards drugs Prefer to tone up with domestic beer Football

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Slide 10: Attitude to other subcultures

The most friendly relations with bikers With metalheads and punks, communication varies from moderately peaceful to mild hostility The main enemies are rappers and ravers Rappers are hated for imitating the black culture that is completely alien to us Ravers - for unisex, adherence to synthetic drugs and financial wealth

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Slide 11: Activities

In 1991, in the German city of Hoyerswerda, neo-fascists and skinheads, armed with knives and gas pistols, destroyed a hostel for Vietnamese and Mozambican refugees. In 1992, this was repeated on an even larger scale. The population of the country sharply opposed the outbreaks of national and racial intolerance. In response to the neo-fascist attacks, more than 400 thousand people with candles, torches and flashlights in their hands formed a 45-kilometer chain in Munich, thus protesting against racism and violence. The demonstration was supported by hundreds of demonstrations throughout Germany

Traditional skinheads are an apolitical subculture that arose in England under the influence of mods and Jamaican rud boys in the sixties of the 20th century. Closely associated with reggae and ska dance music and modern music Oi!. They created their own style of clothing, called “boots & braces.” apolitical subcultureEngland and the fashions of the Mayan oreboysreggiskaOi! “Remember the Spirit of “69” is the “slogan” of the subculture. This is an expression of the ideals that traditional skinheads try to follow. For the most part, these ideals copy the cultural foundations among skinheads of the 60s

Job. Skinheads are proud to be working class; working class Friends. The so-called Unity, Unity (“there is nothing more important than friendship in the world”); Family (family for skinheads is roots, origins); Music: almost any heavy music - hardcore, hatecore, punk, death-metal, gothic-metal, nu-metal, Oi! "Roots." One of the important concepts in the subculture of traditional skinheads; its expression is reflected in the popular expression: “Remember your roots!”, which, in principle, is the other side of the expression “Remember the Spirit of “69”, since the “Spirit of “69” is the roots of the subculture itself , the “golden time” of its development. The concept of “roots” is also important because it includes music characteristic of the skinhead environment of the 60s (ska, reggae, rocksteady, soul).; skareggeyrocksteadysoul Anti-racism. This means anti-racism, and not anti-fascism, this position is explained by the fact that the skinhead subculture comes from a mixture of two cultures: Jamaican dark-skinned rude boys and English mods; anti-fascism is considered by traditional skinheads to be a pro-political ideology and for this reason is rejected by them. ska, reggae, rocksteady, and other music popular in the skinhead environment in 1969. skareggeyrocksteady 1969 Oi! Skinheads are another branch whose representatives prefer to listen to Oi! music, also known as “street punk”. Oi! Some representatives of the subculture of traditional skinheads prefer to listen to the music of both Trojan skinheads and Oy skinheads.

History of origin It is believed that the skinhead subculture in its original form (and their imitators from the modern skinhead environment, traditional skinheads) arose in the process of evolution of the mod subculture, expressed in a simplification of appearance towards simpler, but no less neat clothing and the assimilation of musical traditions and some elements of the appearance of Jamaican emigrant youth (rudiz) of that time. modovrudiz At the end of the 1960s, the popularity of newfangled Jamaican reggae music reached the peak of popularity in the United Kingdom, which is also associated with the skinhead subculture of that time. Many of the records considered today as skinhead reggae classics topped the sales charts during that era. It is believed that such success was ensured by the rapidly developing movement of skinheads and, accordingly, the growing demand for music popular among them. reggae skinhead-reggae Such changes in the youth environment were noticed by many journalists, who noticed that the appearance of the mods had changed. In addition, record companies were also interested in the new subculture, for which they provided a high level of music sales. To stimulate demand, songs were recorded specifically for skinheads and about skinheads. Later, such music would be called skinhead reggae, which, in fact, is the designation of popular Caribbean dance music of the second half of the 60s. Traditionally, this concept includes, first of all, early reggae, rocksteady and Jamaican ska. reggaerocksteaddiska The concepts of paki- and hippie-bashing are also associated with the skinhead movement of that time. These terms denote clashes (fights) based on class hostility between skinheads and immigrants from Asian countries, as well as skinheads and the hippie movement, respectively. fights

Development Soon, Ben Sherman shirts became fashionable among skins, and it became customary to tuck jeans under the height of the boot to emphasize the style of shoes, where Cherry Red Boots or light Italian leather shoes predominated. Buying high-quality, not cheap clothes, they acted on the principle “everything I wear was earned by my labor.” Soon it became common to wear suspenders, army trousers, and Dr. boots. Martens with their original soles, Harrington jackets, Tonic suits made from mohair fabric that shimmers in the light. A short hairstyle with a peculiar shaved parting was considered especially chic.Ben ShermanCherry Red BootsDr. Martens HarringtonTonic suits By the spring of 1970, many people loved the new short-sleeve shirts with large check patterns from Ben Sherman, Brutus and Jatex. It was through these efforts that the final style of clothing for skinheads was formed. Clothing manufacturers reacted sensitively to demand and cheap and low-quality fakes began to replace respected labels, which also found their buyer, inexperienced in street fashion, and as if from an incubator, crowds of identically dressed young people appeared on the streets. As the successors of mods, one of the rules of which was a unique and stylish appearance, some skins who were confused by this began to invent something new for themselves; they grew their hair a little, wore raincoats, plaid trousers, and even carried umbrellas and canes with them.1970label

Skinhead clothing Boots Dr. Martens tall boots with glass Black and red "steel toe boots" (this word means the same as "steelcap") appeared later than all the others and were designed to be worn in the cold season. They are made so that you can put insoles in them and put woolen socks on your feet. Due to the large distance between the rows of holes, wide (i.e. not round) laces work best with them. The strong leather of the steel toe boots is covered with a protective film and its surface is finished so that it always remains shiny. There is no point in cleaning them with regular wax - only colorless wax with silicone is suitable for this glossy surface, and first the boots must be cleaned of dust, and then a layer of wax must be applied to them. There are two varieties of such boots - with a light sole and with a thicker and heavier sole. The boots with light soles were the best - they look good and look more like NCB.

Turnups Turnups on jeans, called “turnups” or “rollups,” are as important a part of the outfit as tall boots, plaid shirts or suspenders. Robber clothing, they were invented by the Caribbean Rude Boys and became popular among skinheads in the 60s. The purpose of the turns is to visually increase the length of the lower leg - this makes it seem that the person is taller, and therefore stronger. Together with boots, roll-ups make your legs look slimmer. They are supposed to polish the shoes so that they shine.

Suspenders Suspenders are an integral part of skinhead clothing. No self-respecting traditional skin can do without them. Suspenders were worn by "hard mods" in the mid-60s, along with tall boots and cropped jeans, before the nickname "skinhead" was even a thing. Such clothes were called “working class style” - the presence of suspenders always meant belonging to the working class. Workers dressed like this at the beginning of the 20th century - jeans of those years did not have belt loops, and they were held only by suspenders. The word "braces" is translated from English as "fasteners", and in relation to clothing it can be translated as "construction fasteners". Skinheads wear monochrome suspenders, without patterns, usually black or dark red; brightly colored suspenders are less common. They are always thin, no more than two fingers wide, folded together. It's good if they have shiny locks and "crocodiles", as shown in the following picture:

Jeans Jeans have always been popular among skinheads, who wore them back in the mid-60s. Almost a hundred years earlier, jeans were the clothing of sailors: the American word "jeans" comes from the word "Geanuese", and the word "denim" comes from the name of a factory in the French city of Nime that produced fabric dye. The combination of the French words "de nime" became the American "denim". Skinheads of the first wave preferred Levis 501 jeans. In the 70s, Wrangler appeared, then other manufacturers. They used fabrics of different shades of blue, with a deliberately rough or smooth surface, as well as threads of different colors. Today, when choosing jeans, all this can be determined by looking at the pocket at the back.

Rough fabric and strong threads - this clothing was first reflected in the song "Skinhead Jamboree" by the Jamaican group Symarip in 1969. It also talked about denim jackets, checkered shirts, suspenders and high boots. All this was worn by the city workers of those years, and the same thing was worn by their younger brothers. As you know, the record on which this song was recorded was called "Skinhead Moonstomp" and was intended specifically for skinheads. Try to find a record where jeans were mentioned earlier - you won’t find it. As you can see on the cover of this record, skinheads roll up or cut their jeans so that they reach the top of the shoe, or at least to the penultimate hole on it. This clothing dates back to the time of the Rude Boys, who, in an effort to show others their origins, did not even tuck, but shortened their pants with scissors so that everyone could see their old boots. Subsequently, the impression of this was further enhanced with the help of suspenders. Today, if the inside of the jeans is lighter than the outside, they are rolled up; if the outside and inside of the jeans are the same color, they are trimmed with scissors and hemmed.

What is S.H.A.R.P. ? SHARP began in New York at the time. The prevailing opinion in the press at that time was that all skinheads were White-Power or Nazis. This attitude was largely due to the bourgeois tabloid press, which presented the skins as beefy fascist thugs. A small group of skinheads and punk sympathizers decided to create a group that operated as a media machine, disseminating a variety of messages about how not all skinheads are the same, that we have different ideals and beliefs, personal and political. SHARP members began doing radio and television interviews, spreading their message, which was initially viewed with distrust by the media-brainwashed population. However, in most cases, members of this large group were greeted courteously, even if their messages were often ignored. However, the main exception was the Geraldo Rivera show. During its recording, one of John Metzer's henchmen (son of KKK leader and head of the White Aryan Resistance Tom Metzer) threw a chair, breaking Geraldo Rivera's nose. After this incident, the media began to feel completely free. Morton Downey Jr. Even went so far as to carve a swastika into his own forehead in order to boost the ratings of his own show. At this time, the White-Powers were well known in New York, holding their own meetings and giving interviews. Although the names of some of their organizations are still popular around the world, most of them have faded into local history. Some SHARP members began to create their own sub-organizations, dissatisfied with the nonviolence of the basic ideas of SHARP. They believed that fists were the best response to hatred. In the winter of 1989, after the establishment of numerous independent hotels around the world, the original organization disbanded. There were several reasons for this, including internal disagreements, but the main reason was the sharp decline in White-Power activity in New York. Many White-Powers left the city in search of a more hospitable political climate, moving to the South and West. Many simply grew up and stopped publicly expressing their personal beliefs.

Skinhead music Ska-punk (ska-punk) is one of the forms of punk revival, which began already in the mid-80s, and became especially relevant by the mid-90s. Ska-punk combines features coming from punk, hardcore, ska, reggae, funk and pop music. Actually, The Clash were the first to synthesize punk and reggae, so they can be considered the founders of this trend. At the turn of the 20th century, the British The Specials, The Madness and others also became interested in the synthesis of elements of rock and ska (the so-called second wave of punk revival). And in the early 80s, their ideas attracted the attention of American (including black and colored) punk performers, among whom Fishbone especially stood out. The style complex began to become more complex; It has become difficult to distinguish exactly which elements were borrowed from where (some researchers even propose the complex and inconvenient term skafunkrastapunk for this direction). reggaefunk The Specials

Oi! Music Oi! appeared in England in the late seventies. This was an attempt to return "punk music" to its original state. During the choruses, the musicians shouted “Oi! Oi! Oi!”, which is why they were called that. The words of their songs were very different, but they all talked about what they saw on the streets, about what they had to face and fight every day. At that time Oi! They listened to punks and skinheads, they really liked it. Everyone understands the words “punks and skinheads” in their own way, so they should be clarified: at that time, the nickname “skinhead” was worn by people who called themselves “working class kids,” that is, “working youth.” There were no other skinheads, this is important. The same applies to punks - Oi! Not everyone listened, but only those who liked this music. At that time Oi! and punk were not separated, and for many it was the same music. Oi! also called the "third wave" of punk rock. This music was called "Oi!", "streetpunk" and "punk-82":

SKA Ska music appeared in Jamaica with the first sound installations in the second half of the fifties and was intended for street dancing. For this purpose, a swinging 2/4 rhythm was used, with the guitar playing over the even-numbered drum beats and the double bass tending to emphasize the odd-numbered ones. When trombone and saxophone were added, the result was a light and truly magical sound. The word "ska" originated as an imitation of the sound of a guitar, and became the name for all Jamaican music with this rhythm. Sound installations brought together many people, giving them rest and helping them not to lose heart, no matter what happened. Robbers from the outskirts - rude boys - also came to listen to music. They demanded to play slower and more balanced music, which used a 4/4 rhythm. They gave it the name Rocksteady. There are two known “waves” of ska - in Jamaica and a few years later in England:

e s, colloquial. skinheads, from skin - skin
Skinhead
and head - head) - collective name
representatives of the youth subculture, as well as
several of its branches.
The first mentions of skinheads in the press and music
found in England in the late 60s of the XX century.
One of the first names of the subculture was “Hard
Mods." Skinheads of the 60s had common features
style with the mod subculture, as well as
with Jamaican oreboys.

Music

Symbolism

Different directions of movement

Russian skinheads

Russian skinheads