Presentation on the topic: Sculpture and architecture in Russia pp. XX century

1.Architecture. From the 11th century In Western Europe, extensive temple construction began. The rich church began to erect majestic structures in which the features of Roman architecture were clearly visible. This style was called Romance. It was characterized by severity and power, smooth walls, semicircular arches, and high towers. The temple resembled a cross with a highly raised central part, which ended not with a dome, but with a tower. Romanesque temple. Scheme.

1.Architecture. From ser. 12th century begins to spread gothic style. Thanks to the increased skill of the architects, high pointed vaults appeared in the temples, which rest on columns. In place of thick walls, galleries appeared with many windows. The cathedrals seem to be rising up. The cathedrals hosted services, meetings, theatrical performances and lectures on religious topics. Cathedrals were built over decades. Gothic temple. Scheme.

2.Sculpture. In the Middle Ages, sculpture was inseparable from architecture. Cathedrals were decorated with bas-reliefs and sculptures inside and out. The Romanesque style did not imply uniform standards. The entrance to the interior separated the earthly and heavenly worlds, so a picture of the Last Judgment was often depicted above it. Along with religious scenes in the Romanesque style, there is fabulousness and fantasy - the bas-reliefs depict fantastic creatures not associated with religion. Painting of a Romanesque church.

2.Sculpture. In Gothic statues, the appearance of people is conveyed more precisely. Sculptors are reviving their interest in the beauty of a person’s external appearance. The statues depicted not only the miracles performed by Christ, but also his suffering. The main idea of ​​Gothic art was cleansing from sin and exaltation through suffering. Great importance in creativity was attached to the image of the Mother of God-Madonna; she was seen as the intercessor of people before her son Jesus. Sculptures of the Gothic Cathedral in Chartres.

3.Painting. The walls of the temples were covered with paintings. In Romanesque cathedrals these were traditional frescoes, and in Gothic cathedrals, where there was not enough space due to the windows, stained glass windows were used. The light, passing through colored glass, “played” on the walls and floor. This gave the cathedrals a festive look. Book miniatures became a great achievement of painting. King David Stained glass window of Chartres Cathedral.

3.Painting. Bright hand-drawn drawings reflected all aspects of life. In France, the Grand Chronicles represent the entire history of the country from the Merovingians to the 14th century. This is a real “encyclopedia of everyday life”. The “Calendar of the Duke of Bery” reflects a new attitude towards nature - people begin to admire it. The authors of the "Calendar" use the transmission of light and chiaroscuro. In Germany, the most popular theme was knightly life with tournaments and the cult of the Beautiful Lady. Oath to Otto III. Miniature 10th century.

Sculpture and architecture as types of plastic arts
Prepared by the teacher of fine art MOBU Novobureyskaya secondary school No. 3 L.A. Rogudeeva UMK - Shpikalova T.Ya., Ershova L.V., Porovskaya G.A. Fine Arts: Textbook for 7th grade educational institutions/ ed. Shpikalova T.Ya. – M., Education, 2010. 2015
Amur region, Bureya district, Novobureysky village

Lesson Objectives
Objectives: to introduce students to the expressive possibilities of three-dimensional images, types of sculptural images, the relationship of volume with the surrounding space and lighting, artistic materials used in sculpture and their properties; learn to create three-dimensional images of animals using various materials(plasticine, clay, crumpled paper), including natural ones; cultivate interest in educational activities and sculptural art.

We will study plastic arts. They are also called spatial, visual, visible, graceful. These types of art are perceived by sight and exist in space. These are architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics and decorative arts.

The picture shows the plastic arts column. The name of the art form is inscribed in each groove, and in the lower part of the column is the language in which this art “speaks”.

Sculpture
Sculpture (from the Latin word for “to carve”) is one of the most ancient arts. History knows works created thousands of years ago by masters of Egypt, India, and Greece. Statue of Augustus. 1st century AD

In his work, the sculptor uses volume and plasticity, creating a work from clay, carving from stone, casting from metal. Like a painter, a sculptor conveys in his work the character of a person, his inner world, we read a person’s feelings in his features. F. Shubin. Portrait of Catherine the Great.

The sculpture can be round and protruding on a plane - relief.

The sculpture can be easel (small in size) and monumental (large in size)

Architecture
Architecture is architecture, the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architecture should not only be beautiful, but also functional.

In different historical periods, a variety of building materials and technologies influencing the creation of structures.

The current level of technological development, the use of reinforced concrete, glass, plastics and other new materials make it possible to create unusual building shapes.

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Romanesque style in architecture and sculpture Arkhireeva Irina Vladimirovna Teacher of fine arts and MHC MOUsosh No. 1, Kineshma, Ivanovo region

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Monastery of Maria Lach. 1093-1156 Germany. Buildings built in the Romanesque style were usually a system of simple volumes (cubes, cylinders, etc.). The surfaces of the massive walls were divided by blades, arched friezes and galleries. Tall towers are one of the main elements of Romanesque architecture.

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Monastery church in Cluny. 1089-1130 France. France occupied a leading position in Romanesque architecture. During the construction of this church, a slightly pointed arch was used for the first time. Wooden floors gave way to stone vaults, which connected the roofing with the walls into one whole.

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Baselica from Greek. basilike - royal house), an elongated, rectangular building, divided inside by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars into several parts with independent ceilings. The middle main nave is always higher than the side ones, the upper part of its walls, cut through by windows, protrudes above the roofs of the side naves.

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Aachen Chapel.796-820. Germany. The capital of Charlemagne's empire was the city of Aachen. The emperor decorated his residence with a palace and a chapel. Scientists call the architecture and art of Charles’s time the “Carolingian Renaissance.”

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Durham University, located in Durham Castle. Durham, UK.

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Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna Around 530. Theodoric, the ruler of the Ostrogoths, had respect for Roman laws and customs. Under Theodoric, magnificent palaces and churches were created in Ravenna. The most famous building of his time is the King's Mausoleum.

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Cathedral complex. Pisa. “The Leaning Tower” The “Leaning Tower” and the Pisa Cathedral are one of the best architectural ensembles of the Romanesque style. The Pisa Cathedral is a grandiose and simple basilica. Six tiers of decorative arcades cover the white marble “Leaning Tower,” which gets its name from its strong slope.

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The bell tower of the Pisa Cathedral, with a diameter of 16 m and a height of 55 m, is decorated with six belts of white stone arched galleries. It was built in 1174–1350. During the construction process, uneven shrinkage of the foundation occurred, causing the tower to deviate from the vertical (hence its name). By the end of the 20th century. the deviation reached 5.2 m.

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The Count's Castle (1180), surrounded by a water-filled moat, is one of the most beautiful surviving monuments of Romanesque art in Europe. Ghent.

Slide 2: Architecture

Open competitions, discussions, original projects and teaching systems in art universities created a picture of an unprecedented creative upsurge in the late 10-20s. The range of trends was very wide: from continuing the tradition of neoclassicism of the 10s. to the most daring innovation. Traditionalist architects tried to create a “revolutionary” style based on the architectural forms of the past, generalizing them, giving them increased expressiveness. Architecture

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The legacy of the architects of the Ancient East was very popular. His simple and capacious language, his motifs speaking of eternity and immortality, were actively used in memorial ensembles, such as the monument to the “Fighters of the Revolution” on the Field of Mars in Petrograd (1917-1919, architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev)

Slide 4: Monument to “Fighters of the Revolution”

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A striking example of technical innovation is the Moscow radio tower, erected in 1922 according to the design of engineer Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939). He was one of the first to use steel mesh structures of double curvature - hyperboloids - which had a great future in world construction practice.

Slide 6: Moscow radio tower

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Constructivism is a Soviet avant-garde method (style, direction) in fine arts, architecture, photography and decorative arts, which developed in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s. It is characterized by rigor, geometricism, laconic forms and monolithic appearance. In 1924, an official creative organization constructivists - OSA, whose representatives developed the so-called functional design method, based on a scientific analysis of the functioning features of buildings, structures, and urban planning complexes. Characteristic monuments of constructivism are kitchen factories, Labor Palaces, workers' clubs, communal houses of the indicated time. House of Culture named after S. M. Zuev 1928

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Constructivism is a trend in Soviet art of the 20s, which put forward the task of artistic design of the material environment surrounding a person: interior, furniture, dishes, clothing, etc. The general ideal was a building that was strictly thought out, easy to use, built under minimum costs labor and materials.

Slide 9: House of Culture named after Rusakov

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Slide 10: Rudnev L.V.

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Rudnev Lev Vladimirovich, Soviet architect. He graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1915), where he studied with L. N. Benois. Professor of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad (1922-48) and the Moscow Architectural Institute (1948-52). Participated in the implementation of Lenin's plan for monumental propaganda (monument to the "Fighters of the Revolution" on the Field of Mars in Leningrad). The best buildings of Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev are characterized by the laconicism of large monumentalized volumes and the desire to modernize the order. Works: building of the Military Academy named after. M. V. Frunze (1937), administrative building on the street. Marshal Shaposhnikov (1934-38) and on Frunzenskaya Embankment (1938-55; all three together with the architect V. O. Muntz), a complex of university buildings on the Lenin Hills (together with the architect S. E. Chernyshev, P. V. Abrosimov, A.F. Khryakov and others; 1949-53, project - USSR State Prize, 1949) - all in Moscow; House of the Government of the Azerbaijan SSR in Baku (together with V. O. Muntz; completed in 1952); Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw (with co-authors; 1952-55). Awarded 3 orders and medals.

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Slide 12: Military Academy of M. V. Frunze in Moscow

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Slide 13: Palace of Culture

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Slide 14: Sculpture

The main direction of sculpture in the 1920s was still determined by the principles of monumental propaganda; in the foreground was the task of creating works containing significant historical generalizations. Of particular importance for the formation of sculpture was the creation of easel works and monuments dedicated to V.I. Lenin.

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Slide 15: Monument to Lenin

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Sculpture of the 30s was characterized by the spread monumental works, due, in particular, to the strengthened collaboration of sculpture and architecture in the creation of outstanding buildings of the socialist era.

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Masterpieces of world architecture.

France The Eiffel Tower is the most recognizable architectural landmark of Paris, world famous as a symbol of France, named after its designer Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel himself simply called it a 300-meter tower. In 2006, 6,719,200 people visited the tower, and in its entire history until December 31, 2007 - 236,445,812 people. That is, the tower is the most visited [ and most photographed landmark in the world. This symbol of Paris was intended as a temporary structure - the tower served as the entrance arch to the Paris World Exhibition of 1889. The tower was saved from planned demolition (20 years after the exhibition) by radio antennas installed at the very top - this was the era of the introduction of radio. Gustave Eiffel

Great Britain The tower was erected according to the design of the English architect Augustus Pugin in 1858, the tower clock was put into operation on May 31, 1859. The official name until September 2012 was the "Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster" (sometimes referred to as "St Stephen's Tower"). Tower height 96.3 meters (with spire); the lower part of the clock mechanism is located at a height of 55 m from the ground. With a dial diameter of 7 meters and hands lengths of 2.7 and 4.2 meters, the watch has long been considered the largest in the world.

This “musical” building in the shape of a piano and violin is a unique, amazing and beautiful architectural miracle. House Piano Located in Huainan, China. The main building is housed in a piano made of black glass, and a staircase is located in a violin made of transparent glass. It was designed by Hefei University of Technology and built in 2007 to attract public attention to the newly developed area. Serves as an exhibition complex where cultural meetings are held, where various ideas and prospects for the development of the new city are presented. House piano and violin in lights. This remarkable architecture displaying the pride of high musical art has become a popular tourist attraction and the most fantastic building in China. China House of piano and violin.

The Sydney Opera House is a musical theater in Sydney, one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, a symbol of Australia's largest city and one of the main attractions of the continent - the sail-shaped shells that form the roof make this building unlike any other in the world. The Opera House is recognized as one of the outstanding structures of modern architecture in the world and since 1973 it has been, along with the Harbor Bridge, business card Sydney. Australia

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a bell tower, part of the ensemble of the city cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (Cathedral of Pisa) in the city of Pisa. Construction of the tower was completed in 1360. The tower received the nickname “Leaning Tower” and worldwide fame due to the fact that it is strongly inclined and seems to “fall”. Both because of its inclination and because of its original architecture, from 1173 until the present day, the tower has been the object of close attention. Efforts are constantly being made to make the tower more stable. For example, collapsing columns were replaced several times. Now mostly underground work is being carried out to strengthen the foundation. Italy

Atomium in Brussels, Belgium. Was designed for opening world exhibition 1958 by architect Andre Waterkein as a symbol of the atomic age and the peaceful use of atomic energy and built under the direction of architects Andre and Michel Polak.

A curved house in the Polish city of Sopot.

Residential complex called "Edificio Mirador" ( literal translation: Observation point) in Madrid.

Office of the Longaberger basket company ("Longaberger Baskets") in Newark, Ohio.

Upside down house in Szymbark, Poland

Resources http://www.chudesny.ru/tech-bashnya.php http://go.mail.ru/search http://www.dn8.de/forum/showthread.php?t=11603