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03.03.2022

Presentation on the topic "energy and ecology". Presentation "Energy and Ecology" on ecology - project, report Download presentation on energy and ecology

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Thermal power plants

THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and became predominantly widespread. In mid. 70s 20th century Thermal power plant is the main type of electric power station.

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Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPS) predominate, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which drives the rotor. steam turbine, connected to the rotor of an electrical generator (usually a synchronous generator).

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TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). Thermal power plants with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs).

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HYDROELECTRIC STATION

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    Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. Based on the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).

    Slide 9

    Operating principle

    The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity.

    The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure.

    All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy. There is still everything possible additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, transformer stations, switchgears and much more.

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    Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the power generated:

    powerful - produce from 25 MW to 250 MW and above;

    medium - up to 25 MW;

    small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.

    Slide 12

    The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia

    Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP

    Slide 13

    Nuclear power plants

    Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.

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    Operating principle

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    Advantages and disadvantages

    Advantages of nuclear power plants:

    Small volume of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after processing.

    High power

    Low cost energy, especially thermal energy.

    Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water-energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where opportunities for the use of solar or wind power are limited.

    When a nuclear power plant operates, a certain amount of ionized gas is released into the atmosphere, but a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, releases an even larger amount of radiation emissions due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal.

    Disadvantages of nuclear power plants:

    Irradiated fuel is dangerous and requires complex and expensive reprocessing and storage measures;

    From the point of view of statistics and insurance major accidents extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely severe;

    Large capital investments necessary for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in case of possible liquidation.

    Slide 17

    Non-traditional sources of electricity

    What are these non-traditional and renewable energy sources? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types organic waste), low-potential energy environment, it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power stations, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power stations only in scale.

    Slide 18

    Field of heliostat mirrors at the Crimean solar power plant

    A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. The methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.

    Slide 19

    Wind power plant

    Wind energy is a branch of energy specializing in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as a renewable form of energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind energy is a booming industry

    Slide 20

    Geothermal power plants

    Geothermal power plant (GeoTES) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).

    Slide 21

    tidal power station

    A tidal power station (TPP) is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses the energy of tides, and in fact the kinetic energy of the Earth’s rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day.

    Slide 22

    Biomass energy

    Biomass is the fifth most productive renewable energy source after direct solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy. Every year, about 170 billion tons of primary biological mass are formed on earth and approximately the same volume is destroyed.

    Biomass is used to produce heat, electricity, biofuel, biogas (methane, hydrogen).

    Slide 23

    Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources

    These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of ​​a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs.

    Slide 24

    Fusion power plant

    Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of synthesis of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous or liquid radioactive waste and does not produce plutonium, which is used for production nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious .

























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    Presentation on the topic: ENERGY AND ECOLOGY

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    THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and became predominantly widespread. In mid. 70s 20th century Thermal power plant is the main type of electric power station. THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and became predominantly widespread. In mid. 70s 20th century Thermal power plant is the main type of electric power station.

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    Slide description:

    Slide no. 4

    Slide description:

    Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPS) predominate, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which rotates a steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator). Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPS) predominate, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which rotates a steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).

    Slide no. 5

    Slide description:

    TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). TPPs with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPP). TPPPs that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). Thermal power plants with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs).

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    Slide description:

    Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m). Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).

    Slide no. 9

    Slide description:

    The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy. There is also all kinds of additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, a transformer station, switchgears and much more.

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    Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - generate from 25 MW to 250 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.

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    Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel. Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.

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    Advantages of nuclear power plants: Advantages of nuclear power plants: Small volume of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after processing. High power Low cost of energy, especially thermal. Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water-energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where opportunities for the use of solar or wind power are limited. When a nuclear power plant operates, a certain amount of ionized gas is released into the atmosphere, but a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, releases an even larger amount of radiation emissions due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous and requires complex and expensive reprocessing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely severe; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.

    Slide no. 17

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    What are these non-traditional and renewable energy sources? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential environmental energy, and it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale. What are these non-traditional and renewable energy sources? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential environmental energy, and it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.

    Slide description:

    These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of ​​a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs. These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of ​​a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs.

    Slide no. 24

    Slide description:

    Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of synthesis of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous or liquid radioactive waste and does not produce plutonium, which is used to produce nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious . Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of synthesis of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous or liquid radioactive waste and does not produce plutonium, which is used to produce nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious .

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    The presentation on the topic "Energy and Ecology" can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Ecology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 25 slide(s).

    Presentation slides

    Slide 1

    Slide 2

    Thermal power plants

    THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and became predominantly widespread. In mid. 70s 20th century Thermal power plant is the main type of electric power station.

    Slide 4

    Slide 5

    TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). Thermal power plants with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs).

    Slide 7

    Slide 8

    Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. Based on the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).

    Slide 9

    Operating principle

    The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy. There is also all kinds of additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, a transformer station, switchgears and much more.

    Slide 11

    Slide 12

    The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia

    Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP

    Slide 13

    Nuclear power plants

    Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.

    Slide 15

    Slide 16

    Advantages and disadvantages

    Advantages of nuclear power plants: Small volume of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after processing. High power Low cost of energy, especially thermal. Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water-energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where opportunities for the use of solar or wind power are limited. When a nuclear power plant operates, a certain amount of ionized gas is released into the atmosphere, but a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, releases an even larger amount of radiation emissions due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous and requires complex and expensive reprocessing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely severe; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.

    Slide 17

    Non-traditional sources of electricity

    What are these non-traditional and renewable energy sources? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential environmental energy, and it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.

    Slide 18

    Field of heliostat mirrors at the Crimean solar power plant

    A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. The methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.

    Slide 19

    Wind power plant

    Wind energy is a branch of energy specializing in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as a renewable form of energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind energy is a booming industry

    Slide 20

    Geothermal power plants

    Geothermal power plant (GeoTES) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).

    Slide 21

    tidal power station

    A tidal power station (TPP) is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses the energy of tides, and in fact the kinetic energy of the Earth’s rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day.

    Slide 22

    Biomass energy

    Biomass is the fifth most productive renewable energy source after direct solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy. Every year, about 170 billion tons of primary biological mass are formed on earth and approximately the same volume is destroyed. Biomass is used to produce heat, electricity, biofuel, biogas (methane, hydrogen).

    Slide 23

    Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources

    These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of ​​a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs.

    Slide 24

    Fusion power plant

    Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of synthesis of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous or liquid radioactive waste and does not produce plutonium, which is used to produce nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious .

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    • ENERGY Energy is a branch of industry that includes the generation, transmission and sale of electrical and thermal energy to consumers. Together with the extraction, processing and transmission of energy resources (minerals and their derivatives used as fuels), it forms a fuel and energy complex.


    Electric power industry Electric power industry is the process of production, transmission and sale of electrical energy to consumers. The electric power industry includes: 1. Thermal electric power industry, the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fuels into electrical energy; 2. Nuclear power in practice is often considered as a subtype of thermal power. In it, thermal energy, which is then converted into electrical energy, is released not during the combustion of organic fuel, but during the fission of atomic nuclei in a reactor; 3.Hydropower - conversion of the kinetic energy of natural water flow into electricity 4. "Alternative" energy - promising types of electricity generation that have not yet become widespread, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy;


    GENERAL INFORMATION Power lines of various voltage levels (in Russia from 0.4 to 1050 kV). They are divided into overhead and cable. There are transmissions at high (from 110 kV and above), medium (0.4110 kV) and low (0.4 kV, including V voltage in the household network in Russia) voltage. Usually transfer to high voltages called electricity transport, at low and medium levels - distribution; Energosbyt organizes sales of electricity to end consumers. Over the years, energy sales activities in Russia have been separated into a separate business (separate legal entities).


    HEAT SUPPLY Heat supply (heat power) is the process of generating and transmitting thermal energy to consumers. There are decentralized (individual and local) and centralized (from boiler houses and thermal power plants). In Russia, the main coolant in heating networks is chemically prepared water, which has practically replaced superheated steam (although the phrase “steam heating” is still often used in everyday life). Thermal energy is produced both together with electricity at thermal power plants (the so-called combined generation, or district heating), and at purely thermal stations. It is transmitted to consumers through insulated pipelines, mainly underground, but sometimes above-ground. Before being supplied to the end consumer, water is brought to the standard temperature in hot water boilers at centralized heating points (CHP)CHP


    RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM The fact that ecology is extremely relevant at the present time remains undoubted, and the most important task is the environmental education of humanity, which is associated with a careful attitude towards nature, cultural heritage, social benefits. Energy is a branch of production that is developing at an unprecedentedly rapid pace. If the population doubles every year, then in energy production and consumption this happens every year. With such a ratio between the growth rates of population and energy, the energy availability increases exponentially not only in total terms, but also per capita. It is obvious that this industry has a huge impact on the environment and living organisms




    Elements 40 K 238 U and 226 Ra 210 Pb and 210 Po 232 Th Emission share 4.0 GBq1.5 GBq5.0 GBq1.5 GBq SMOKE EMISSIONS FROM TPP INTO THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS Annual emissions from a 1000 MW coal-fired thermal power plant: Types of CO 2 Sulfur monoxideSulfur oxide nitrogen Particulate matter Toxic metals Quantity per year 7 million tons thousand tons 25 thousand tons 20 thousand tons 400 tons


    THE PROBLEM OF GREENHOUSE GASES AND OXYGEN DEFICIENCY Emission carbon dioxide: When burning 1 ton of coal Natural gas total CO 2 emissions 2.76 tons 1.62 tons 7 million tons Oxygen consumption: When burning 1 ton of coal Natural gas total O 2 consumption 2.3 tons 2.35 tons 500 million tons


    SOLAR ENERGY CAN CAUSE A NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS The construction of energy facilities using renewable energy sources can cause a number of serious environmental problems - on lands that are ideal for the construction of solar power plants, water resources may begin to deplete, reports the environmental Internet portal EcoGeek. In particular, such conflicts between solar projects and water conservation have increasingly begun to arise in California. Solar power plant requires large quantity water for cooling, while in the arid areas where they are built, water resources are limited. Powerful solar plants can use over 500 million gallons (about two billion liters) of water per year, and there are currently 35 such large projects in the California deserts.


    ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THERMAL ENERGY Thermal power plants are most “responsible” for the increasing greenhouse effect and acid precipitation. There is evidence that thermal power plants pollute the environment with radioactive substances 2-4 times more than nuclear power plants of the same power.


    ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING Deterioration of water quality; In reservoirs, the heating of water sharply increases, which intensifies the loss of oxygen and other processes caused by thermal pollution. The incidence of disease in the fish stock is increasing, especially helminth damage. The taste qualities of the inhabitants of the aquatic environment decrease. The migration routes of fish are being disrupted, feeding grounds, spawning grounds, etc. are being destroyed.


    HYDROELECTRIC PLANT OF THE AMUR REGION. AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECOLOGY In the Amur region, four hydroelectric power stations are used to supply the population with electricity: Bureyskaya, Zeyskaya, Nizhne-Bureyskaya, Nizhnezeyskaya hydroelectric power stations. 1.Hydroelectric power plants cause enormous damage to fisheries. 2. Reservoirs increase air humidity, contribute to changes in the wind regime in the coastal zone, and attack the temperature and ice conditions of the drainage.


    AMUR GENERATION Energy sources of the branch Installed electrical capacity, MW Installed thermal capacity, Gcal/hour Blagoveshchenskaya CHPP Raichikhinskaya GRES102238.1 Operates in the Amur region. The main activities are the production of heat and electricity, transportation of heat energy, its sale to the population and legal entities. The branch includes two power plants.


    ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. destruction of ecosystems and their elements (soils, grounds, aquifers, etc.) in places of ore mining (especially with the open method); withdrawal of significant volumes of water from various sources and discharge of heated water. If these waters enter rivers and other sources, they experience a loss of oxygen, the likelihood of flowering increases, and the phenomena of heat stress in aquatic organisms increase; Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere, water and soil cannot be ruled out during the extraction and transportation of raw materials, as well as during the operation of nuclear power plants, waste storage and processing, and their disposal.


    WAYS TO ELIMINATE Rational and efficient energy consumption. Move away from old standards (thermal power plants, hydropower, nuclear energy) and move to new environmentally friendly ones (wind, tidal, geothermal, bioenergy, hydrogen, solar). Install cleaning systems. Controlling the release of pollutants into the atmosphere.


    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we can conclude that the current level of knowledge, as well as existing and under development technologies, provide grounds for optimistic forecasts: humanity is not in danger of a deadlock situation either in relation to the depletion of energy resources or in terms of environmental problems generated by energy. There are real opportunities to move to alternative sources energy (inexhaustible and environmentally friendly). From these positions modern methods energy generation can be considered as a kind of transitional. The question is how long this transition period is and what possibilities are available to shorten it.

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    Thermal power plants THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and became predominantly widespread. In mid. 70s 20th century Thermal power plant is the main type of electric power station.

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    Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPS) predominate, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which rotates a steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).

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    TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). Thermal power plants with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs).

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    Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. Based on the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).

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    Operating principle The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy. There is also all kinds of additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, a transformer station, switchgears and much more.

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    Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - produce from 25 MW to 250 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.

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    The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia are Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP

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    Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.

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    Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of nuclear power plants: Small volume of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after processing. High power Low cost of energy, especially thermal. Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water-energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where opportunities for the use of solar or wind power are limited. When a nuclear power plant operates, a certain amount of ionized gas is released into the atmosphere, but a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, releases an even larger amount of radiation emissions due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous and requires complex and expensive reprocessing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely severe; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.

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    Non-traditional sources of electricity What are these non-traditional and renewable sources of energy? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential environmental energy, and it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.

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    Field of heliostat mirrors at the Crimean solar power plant A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. The methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.

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    Wind power plant Wind power is a branch of energy specializing in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as a renewable form of energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind energy is a booming industry

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    Geothermal power plants Geothermal power plant (GeoTES) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).

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    Tidal power plant A tidal power plant (TPP) is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses the energy of tides, and in fact the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of ​​a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs.

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    Thermonuclear power plant Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a Thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of synthesis of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous or liquid radioactive waste and does not produce plutonium, which is used to produce nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious .

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