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Presentation on the topic: The history of writing

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The first writing that arose on Earth was Sumerian. This happened about 5 thousand years ago. Their writing is called cuneiform after its later form. There are 2 hypotheses about the origin of writing: monogenesis (invented in the 1st place) polygenesis (in several centers). Writing is represented in 3 primary centers, the connection of which has not been proven: Mesopotamian (Sumerians), Egyptian (according to the theory of monogenesis, introduced from the Sumerians), writing of the Far East (Chinese, according to the theory of monogenesis, introduced from the Sumerians).

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Writing develops uniformly everywhere - from drawings to written signs. Pictography turns into a graphic system. Picture writing turns into language graphics not when they disappear, but when we can guess what language the text is written in.

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Sometimes people sent each other various objects instead of letters. Writing itself, descriptive writing, began with drawings. Writing with drawings is called pictography (from the Latin pictus - picturesque and the Greek grapho - I write). In pictography, art and writing are inseparable, so archaeologists, ethnographers, art historians, and literary historians study rock paintings.

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Everyone is interested in their own area. For a historian of writing, the information contained in the drawing is important. A pictogram usually denotes some kind of life situation, such as hunting, or animals and people, or various objects - a boat, a house, etc. The first inscriptions were about household concerns - food, weapons, supplies - objects were simply depicted. Gradually, there is a violation of the principle of isomorphism (i.e., a reliable representation of the number of objects - how many vases there are, so many we draw).

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Modern writing has gone through a fairly long period of development. The following stages of its formation can be distinguished: Subject writing Initially, people did not have any writing. Therefore, it was quite difficult to transmit information over long distances.

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Pictographic writingThe next stage in the formation of writing was writing based on images (pictograms). It may be recalled that the origin fine arts happened back in the days of ancient people before the advent of statehood. The essence of pictographic writing is that a certain concept is expressed with the help of a certain sign. For example, the concept of “person” can be conveyed by the image of a person.

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Hieroglyphic writingIn hieroglyphic writing it is often difficult to distinguish the original image underlying it. Typical structural elements appear in hieroglyphs, repeated in different characters. In addition, in languages ​​that are characterized by changes in the form of a word depending on its syntactic role, it was necessary to supplement hieroglyphs with special symbols for the forms of words.

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Syllabic writing A significant step towards bringing oral and written speech closer together was the formation of syllabic writing. The most famous syllabary systems are cuneiform (Old Persian, Akkadian and other heirs of Sumerian writing), West Semitic (Phoenician, Arabic and other heirs of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics) and Japanese syllabary systems (katakana and hiragana). The Phoenician letter played a very important role in the life of mankind. It was this that formed the basis of the Greek letter, from which the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet, and, accordingly, most modern writings, originated.

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Alphabetic writingPhoenician writing essentially lacked letters to represent vowel sounds. Therefore, special symbols appeared to indicate vowels. As a result, writing moved to an even more universal level. Now, using about 30 signs that anyone could easily learn, it was possible to convey almost any words of oral speech. Alphabetic writing, due to its simplicity, quickly spread throughout the world (although in some civilizations the transition to it did not occur).

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Ideographic (pictographic) - written sign tied to a specific meaning Phonoideographic - a written sign is tied to both meaning and sound Logographic - a written sign denotes a specific word Morphemic - a written sign denotes a specific morpheme Phonetic - a written sign is tied to a specific sound Syllabic (syllabic) - each written sign denotes a specific syllable. They are distinguished: syllabic writing itself - syllables with the same consonant, but with different vowels are indicated by completely different signs (for example, Japanese kana); abugida - such syllables are indicated by modified forms of one basic sign (for example, Ethiopian writing) and / or additional signs (Indian writing )

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Northern Etruscan version The most popular theory about the origin of runic writing from one of the Northern Etruscan alphabets, which was proposed in 1928 by runologist Karl Marstrander Non-traditional versions In the 1930-1940s, the Urrunen theory was developed in Germany, according to which runes come from certain ancestral runes, from which it came including the North Semitic alphabet, and therefore all the alphabetic writings of the world. Mythological version According to Scandinavian mythology, the runes were revealed to Odin when he, pierced by his own spear, hung on the World Tree for nine days and nights without food or drink. After which, having quenched his thirst with sacred (shamanic) honey from his grandfather Bölthorn, he heard the runes and drew the first of them with a spear on the Tree with his own blood.

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Thus, now we can say with confidence that in the pre-Cyrillic era the Slavs had several types of writing; most likely, it was not fully adapted for the accurate transmission of Slavic speech and was of a syllabic or runic nature; the Slavs also used the simplest writing such as “traits and cuts” for various purposes. The spread of Christianity among the Slavs was a political step both on the part of the Slavs, who sought to strengthen their position in Europe, and on the part of the Roman-Byzantine world, which sought to establish its dominance over the Slavic peoples who were gaining increasing political influence. This is partly due to the almost complete destruction of the ancient Slavic script and the rapid spread of new alphabets among people accustomed to writing.

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Is it possible to answer the question: who, what person invented the writing system? Who was the first to use alphabetic writing? There is no answer to these questions. The emergence of writing was caused by the requirements of the life of society and the state, economic activity people - and writing appeared. But alphabets were created later, in our era, the new era, by educated people of their time. Thus, Cyril and Methodius created a letter for the Slavic languages.

“History of Russian parliamentarism” - Zemstvos. History of Russian parliamentarism. State Duma. Slide number 5: Senate. Zemsky Sobors. Boyar Duma. Congress of Soviets. Veche.

“Old Russia” - Three generations: father with son and granddaughter. Boriso-Gleb Monastery, Torzhok. Old man 84 years old, 66 years in service. Tiled stove in the Prince's Tower, Rostov Veliky. The city of Suzdal and the Kamenka river. Belozersk. Church of the Resurrection. Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Mozhaisk. City of Tobolsk. Cathedral, Suzdal. For yarn, Izvedovo village.

“History of Kuban” - Klyuchevskoy created the first local history museum. Enlisted in the Cossacks of the village of Severskaya. Studying the history of the region. Compiled a unique archaeological map of Kuban. From 1922 he was a professor of statistics at the Ukrainian Economic Academy in Poděbrady (Czechoslovakia). I.D.Popko. Korolenko was born in the village of Pavlovskaya in the north of the Kuban region (1).

“History of the Russian State” - Basic knowledge. Topic 6. Russian Empire at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. M., Infra - Code. 1996. In 2 volumes. M. Norma. 2003. 7. Goals and objectives of teaching the discipline. M. Prospekt. 1999. Course of lectures. The sphere of professional use is jurisprudence. 9. Show what measures were taken by Nicholas I to further strengthen the autocracy.

“A lesson in parliamentarism” - State Duma of the Tomsk Region. Competition “History, experience and lessons of parliamentarism in Russia” for the 100th anniversary of the State Duma of the Russian Federation. Competition entries presented on the pages of the scientific and educational Internet project “Tomsk and Tomsk residents in the history of Russian parliamentarism.” “History, experience and activities of Russian parliamentarism” for the 100th anniversary of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.

“Development of parliamentarism in Russia” - Methodical manual on the preparation and conduct of elections to the Youth Parliament of the Murom district. "Youth Duma of Russia". Information and analytical reference. Results sociological survey leaders and members of youth parliamentary structures Russian Federation. Public youth parliament of the Ryazan region 2004.

There are a total of 26 presentations in the topic

“Sacred writings” The word “hieroglyph” originally meant “sacred writings.” The Egyptians, for example, composed entire messages in pictures, writing with icons, each of which denoted a word. It was difficult to master such a letter, because it required keeping hundreds of characters in memory. In China and Japan they still write in hieroglyphs that arose in ancient times.

The real alphabet, not a syllabary, but a letter one, where there are signs not only for consonants, but also for vowels, first appeared among the ancient Greeks. They borrowed writing from the Phoenicians, but it turned out that it was not very suitable for the Greek language, in which vowels play a significant role and they also need symbols. It was then that the Greeks came up with signs for vowels. The Greek alphabet turned out to be so simple and convenient that other peoples of the ancient Mediterranean, the Lycians, Lydians, Thracians, and Etruscans, also used it. The Phoenicians went even further - they came up with letters. Each letter is one sound. But only consonants were recorded.

Cyril and Methodius We owe the appearance of the Russian alphabet to two brothers - Cyril and Methodius. One day, ambassadors from the Moravian Principality arrived in Byzantium. Their people adopted Christianity, but they were taught by Latin priests who spoke an incomprehensible Latin language. The ambassadors conveyed the request of the Prince of Moravia to send to his land a teacher who would speak his native Slavic language.

Therefore, Kirill decided to compile an alphabet that would contain all the letters needed for the Slavic language. As a result, the Slavic alphabet created by Kirill ended up with 43 letters. On May 24, 863, in the city of Pliska, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the creation of the Slavic alphabet. Glagolitic

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I decided to study the history of the development of writing because I think this issue is very important. For many centuries, people have been using writing to communicate with each other, but hardly any of us have seriously thought about how important writing is for humans. I think without writing, civilizations would never have arisen. I think writing is very important for human society, since it is she who helps connect people of different nationalities, people located at a great distance from each other. It is believed that writing arose a very long time ago, in the Ancient East, but the exact age of its origin is still unknown. Many thousands of years passed from obscure drawings and hieroglyphs to the appearance of real cursive writing. For many centuries, people created writing so that we can now use writing perfectly. And now we, 1st grade students, have already studied all the letters of the Russian alphabet and I wondered what the letters were like many years ago and wasn’t it easier to teach them to students then? Therefore, in my project I am going to study the stages of development of writing, the emergence and development of writing.

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The goal of the project: to achieve an understanding of the stages of development of writing, including the process of formation of the modern alphabet.

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In ancient times, before people learned to write, they conveyed messages to each other using drawings. These pictures are called pictograms. Pictogram (from Latin pictus - to draw and Greek γράμμα - record) is a sign that displays the most important recognizable features of an object, objects, phenomena to which it indicates, most often in a schematic form. They were scratched and drawn on the walls of caves, on rocks and stones, animal bones, and on birch bark (birch bark). ancient world

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One can only guess what the people of ancient times wanted to say with their drawings. The men went deer hunting

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But what’s surprising is that graphic pictograms are found almost everywhere these days, in all areas of production and everyday life. We are so used to them that we often don’t notice them. But they are very important, since with their simplicity they replace entire concepts, telling us certain conditions, the location of objects, the direction of movement. Modern icons used in Internet browsers.

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The need for writing arose among the Slavs in the 9th century, when Christianity replaced ancient paganism. Our distant ancestors, the Slavs, formed the ancient Russian people, a powerful state appeared - Kievan Rus. It was in those days, in 863, that the first Slavic alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet, was created on the basis of the Greek alphabet. The alphabet is named Cyrillic in honor of its creator, Kirill. Cyril developed an alphabet based on the Greek alphabet together with his brother Methodius. They even created 2 alphabets - Cyrillic and Glagolitic, but Glagolitic was forgotten over time. Our Russian alphabet comes from the Cyrillic alphabet. It is in memory of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius that Russia celebrates the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture (Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius) on May 24. Ancient Rus'

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There were 43 letters in the ancient Slavic alphabet. Why is the alphabet called the alphabet? Yes, by the first two letters: AZ and BUKI. Previously, people read like this: they connected the names of letters into whole words. The word “mother,” for example, sounded like this: think - az - think - az.” This alphabet was not very convenient; it was very difficult for children to learn to read. My name, for example, would sound like this - “LEAD-AZ-WORD-YA”. The Cyrillic alphabet is in many ways similar to our modern script. But many letters have disappeared from our use: big yus and small yus (they denoted nasal vowels); instead of fita and fert we use the letter f; instead of zelo and earth - the letter z; instead of yat and is - the letter e; Xi and Psi disappeared.

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Due to the inconvenience of using the Cyrillic alphabet, Tsar Peter I issued a decree in 1711 and shortened the names of all letters. The superscripts were eliminated and many of the letters used to write numbers were eliminated. By 1917, the alphabet had 35 letters. The last major reform of writing was carried out in 1917-1918 - as a result, the current Russian alphabet, consisting of 33 letters, appeared. The letters became the way we know them. MODERN ALPHABET

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An alphabet is all the letters of a particular language arranged in a prescribed order. According to the Guinness Book of Records, the most letters - 72 - are contained in the alphabet of the Khmer (Combodian) language, the smallest - 12 - in the alphabet of the Rotokas language of the island of Bougainville (New Guinea). The oldest letter of the alphabet is the letter "o", which has remained unchanged in the same form in which it was adopted in the Phoenician alphabet (about 1300 BC). There are 33 letters in the Russian language. All letters know their place and never mix up the order. Russian English Khmer

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The alphabet is needed everywhere. In the library, books on the shelves are arranged in alphabetical order, words in dictionaries and reference books, and the names of students in class magazines are also written in alphabetical order.

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lecture for grades 5 - 7 Completed by: Grigorieva E.Yu. Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 82" Saratov

HISTORY OF WRITING

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1. Introduction. 2. Types of writing. a) pictographic writing; b) ideographic writing; c) syllabic writing; d) letter-sound writing. 3. Russian alphabet a) the emergence of writing in Rus'; b) Glagolitic; c) Cyrillic; d) Peter's reforms; e) reforms of 1917; e) modern writing.

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Writing is the greatest achievement of man. The history of writing goes back to antiquity. U different nations– different number of letters. So, for example, in Russian - 33, in Armenian - 39, in Cambodian -72, and in the alphabet of the Otoka tribe - 11 letters. Today there are about 5,000 different languages ​​and dialects in the world, but not all have a written form.

introduction

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TYPES OF LETTER

The story tells about four types of writing: a) pictographic; b) ideographic; c) syllabic; d) letter-syllabic.

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PICTOGRAPHIC LETTER

Pictographic or picture writing appeared in prehistoric times. Many of the drawings that have come down to us have not yet been solved. Examples of modern use of pictography include road signs for drivers and pedestrians.

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IDEOGRAPHIC LETTER

Pictography was replaced by ideographic writing (one sign denoted an entire concept). Objects were depicted with signs-symbols. Drawings served as a means of reminder, but there was no writing in the literal sense.

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SYLLABLE LETTER

Later, syllabic writing (systemic sign syllable) appeared in Egypt, India and Japan. It was used along with Chinese characters. Syllabic writing was cumbersome, since it mixed verbal and syllabic signs.

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LETTER-SOUND LETTER

Letter-syllabary (phonetic writing) dates back to the second millennium BC. e. This letter reflects the phonetic composition of the language.

Phonetic writing became the basis for the writing of many peoples.

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RUSSIAN ABC

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In the Old Russian state, writing appeared in the 9th century on the basis of the Byzantine writing system. The authors of the Slavic script were the monks Cyril and Methodius. Slavic writing had not one, but two alphabets: Cyrillic and Glagolitic. Slide 13

THE APPEARANCE OF WRITING IN Rus'

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The name Glagolitic comes from the Slavic word “verb” - to speak. Glagolitic was widely used in Moravia and Bulgaria, but rarely in Ancient Rus'. The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet completely coincide in the composition, order and meaning of the letters, but differ sharply in the shape of the letters.

GLAGOLITIC

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"Cyrillic" was named after one of the two brothers. It was based on the Greek letter and supplemented with new characters reflecting specific Slavic sounds. Alphabet letters were also used in digital meaning.

The graphics of the Cyrillic alphabet gradually changed over the centuries: the number of letters decreased, their style was simplified (charter, ligature, half-character, cursive).