Motivation
30.11.2023

Presentation on the topic of wooden architecture. Presentation on the topic "Wooden architecture of Ancient Rus' - our cultural heritage"

Slide 1

Architecture Architecture is a branch of the art of construction, dealing with the artistic decoration and construction of buildings in accordance with the laws of beauty.

Slide 2

CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE IN LADOGA. St. George's Church is one of the most famous churches before the Mongol period. The temple is cubic in volume, massive at the base, with three semicircular apses. The helmet-shaped dome is topped by a light drum with eight windows. The height of the church is 15 meters. The facades with semicircles and slit windows (four on the northern and southern walls) are divided by blades in strict accordance with internal device temple. The arched belt of the drum is decorated with figured brick teeth. There is a completely plausible legend about the presence of twenty-year-old Prince Alexander Yaroslavich in the choir before the Battle of the Neva in 1240. “The Ladoga Bride” is what Ladoga residents call the Church of St. George for its amazingly light, slender appearance.

Slide 3

CHURCH OF THE Savior on Nereditsa NEAR NOVGOROD. History Built in one season around 1198 under the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich. The temple is single-domed, cubic, with four pillars. Fresco paintings occupied the entire surface of the walls and represented one of the unique and most significant painting ensembles in Russia. On Gorodishche there was a Spaso-Nereditsky, or Spas on Gorodishche, around the church monastery(assigned to the Yuriev Monastery). During the Great Patriotic War The church was located in an area of ​​active hostilities, and during 1941-1943 it was continuously shelled by artillery. As a result, only the eastern part of the church was preserved: the apses and small pieces of the northern and south wall. Almost all the paintings were lost. The church was restored in 1956-1958. In 2001, the Novgorod architectural and archaeological expedition carried out excavations inside the temple. Among other numerous finds, sections of the original painting from 1199 were discovered behind the removed bedding under the floor.

Slide 4

Slide 5

ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL IN VLADIMIR. From the original frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral, only fragments have survived to this day. The cathedral was again painted by Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny (1408). From the painting, individual images of the large composition “The Last Judgment”, which occupied the entire western part of the temple, have been preserved. A slender bell tower was built next to the cathedral in 1810. The bell tower is a four-tiered structure, with four corner pillars at the base, with arched openings (now blocked), and ending with a high gilded spire.

Slide 6

Bogolyubovo is the former residence of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (ruled from 1157 to 1174). Bogolyubovo was founded in 1158 by order of Prince Andrei in this place, since the Nerl connected the Oka basin with the upper Volga basin. The founding of Bogolyubov was associated by the clergy with the legend of the appearance of the Mother of God to Prince Andrei: when Prince Andrei was transporting the icon of the Mother of God from Vladimir to Rostov, 10 km before Vladimir the horses stopped, and no way could get them to go further. We spent the night at this place. That night the appearance of the Mother of God took place, and on this very spot a monastery was founded. Bogolyubovo - former residence of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

DMITROVSKY CATHEDRAL IN VLADIMIR. Dmitrievsky Cathedral of the city of Vladimir (Dmitrovsky) is a court temple erected by Vsevolod the Big Nest at the princely court. Built in 1194-1197; according to chronicle data discovered in the 1990s.

Wooden architecture of Ancient Rus'. The work was completed by a student of class 6 “B” of the Kommunarsky Lyceum. Kazakova Ekaterina is one year old.


Suzdal temple. Russian medieval architecture is one of the most striking pages in the cultural history of Rus'. Architectural monuments fill our ideas about the development of culture with living, imaginative content and help us understand many aspects of history that are not reflected in written sources.


History of the study. The history of the architecture of Ancient Rus' is a young science. Back in the 18th century. monuments of ancient Russian architecture were usually called Gothic. The term itself indicates that these monuments were distinguished from the buildings of ancient and modern times, but were not separated from the architecture of other countries, and did not see the national specificity of Russian architecture. Medieval monuments throughout the entire 18th century. considered barbaric, monuments of bad taste, unworthy of study.


Chapel of the Archangel Michael, XVII-XVIII centuries. The Chapel of Archangel Michael from the village of Lelikozero is one of the architectural pearls of the Russian North. In addition, like many other chapels, it was the most beautiful building in the village and gave the residents many bright, festive moments.


Ascension cuboid church, 1669. On the White Sea coast, the type of cuboid church was widespread. A cube is a complex form of coating that resembles a tetrahedral onion. Distinctive feature architectural appearance northern boxy churches - their beauty, grace and harmony.




Chapel of the Three Saints, 17th century. On the highest hill of a wooded area in the Kondopoga region of Karelia, the village of Kavgora was once located. Here, surrounded by a ring of boulders, next to giant fir trees, stood the chapel of the Three Saints: Basil the Great, John Chrysostom, Gregory the Theologian.


Sergeeva's house from the village of Lipovitsy, late 19th - early 20th centuries. A typical Zaonezh house, built at the turn of the century, in which old construction techniques are combined with new trends in wooden architecture. A wonderful example of folk construction art.


Architectural ensemble of the Spassky Kizhi churchyard, 17th century. “Spassky churchyard on Kizhi on Lake Onega. And on the churchyard is the Church of the Transfiguration of Spasovo, and the other church is the Intercession of the Holy Virgin” (from the scribe’s book of the Moscow clerk Andrei Pleshcheev about the Transonezh churchyards).


Fragment of a veranda One of the most common house-complexes in Zaonezhie, called “koshel”. Huts, storerooms, sheds, cattle yards with stables and haylofts are combined under one roof. The elegant part of the house, facing the lake, was allocated for housing.

Slide 2

On most of the territory of Ancient Rus', it was from wood, as the most accessible building material, that many architectural forms were developed even before the appearance of stone buildings. Forests covered most of the land Kievan Rus and all the lands of Veliky Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Tver and Moscow principalities. This predetermined the dominant role of wood as a building material, easily processed and accessible to the widest segments of the population of Rus'.

Slide 3

Monuments of wooden architecture are a very fragile part of the historical and cultural heritage. They flourished in the 17th-18th centuries. and they can probably be attributed to a kind of “Russian Baroque”. Dozens of wooden architecture museums have sprung up on the territory Russian Federation. The evolution of wooden buildings can be perfectly traced in large open-air museums of wooden architecture, primarily in Kizhi and Malye Korely, where dozens of different structures are presented.

Slide 4

Slide 5

  • In the forest zone of the European territory of Russia there are many abandoned churches, chapels, bell towers, and beyond the Urals, in Siberia, unique objects of wooden architecture have been preserved. For a long time, the difficulties of the path blocked access to them, allowing them to slowly grow old and become decrepit.
  • But not only time destroyed the monuments of wooden architecture, but also lightning strikes set fire to the bell towers, proudly towering over the surrounding landscape, and huge huts with carriages. They were also defenseless from tramps who found temporary shelter under their roofs, and later, from tourists who forgot to put out the fire.

  • Slide 6

    Church of the Ascension. The village of Kusherka. Arkhangelsk region. 1669

    Slide 7

    TYPES OF TEMPLES OF RUSSIAN WOODEN ARCHITECTURE of the 17th century

    • Types of temples
    • KLETSKY churches, which are a rectangular frame (cage), covered with a double-sided roof, topped with a dome with a cross
    • Tent-roofed churches, the basis of the structures of which were an octagon on a cruciform base or a quadrangle covered with a tent
    • TIER temples are a special type of high-rise composition, representing an increase in decreasing quadrangles and octagons
    • MULTIPLE temples, consisting of two or more chapters

  • Slide 8

    Kletsky churches and chapels

    The Lazarevskaya Church of the Murom Monastery is the oldest of all monuments of Russian wooden architecture that have survived to this day. It was built six hundred years ago, at the end of the 14th century, and belongs to the simplest type of cage churches that existed in Rus' from time immemorial until the beginning of the 19th century. Dimensions 9x3.5 m.

    Slide 9

    Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya Church in the village of Spas-Vezhi

    Gable roof with a high, steep rise - “wedge” roof

    Slide 10

    Tent temples

    In Russian wooden architecture, the tent is a common, although far from the only, form of finishing wooden churches. Since wooden construction has been predominant in Rus' since ancient times, most Christian churches were also built from wood. The typology of church architecture was adopted by Ancient Russia from Byzantium. However, it is extremely difficult to convey in wood the shape of a dome - a necessary element of a Byzantine-type temple. Probably, it was technical difficulties that caused the replacement of domes in wooden churches with hipped roofs.

  • Slide 11

    • Resurrection Church
    • Potakino village
    • (Museum of Wooden Architecture in Suzdal).
    • 1776

  • Slide 12

    Tiered churches

    • Tiered wooden churches appeared at the end of the 17th century.
    • Their basis is a 4-cornered frame, on which a complex structure is attached, topped with one or more chapters. Few such churches have survived.
    • Church of St. John the Theologian in the village of Bogoslov, Yaroslavl region

  • Slide 13

    • Wooden Church of John the Baptist the Theologian
    • in Shirokov. 1697

  • Slide 14

    Cuboid churches

    • Such temples were built from the mid-17th to the end of the 18th century, the area of ​​their construction was limited to Poonezhye and the Pomeranian coast of the White Sea. The cube is a three-component figure: a square tetrahedral belt, on which two tetrahedral pyramids are placed below and above, with the upper pyramid always higher than the lower one.
    • Church of the Ascension.
    • The village of Kusherka.
    • Arkhangelsk region. 1669

  • Slide 15

    Multi-domed temples

    • Multi-domed churches are the swan song of ancient Russian wooden architecture.
    • Multiple heads were used back in the 17th century as a method of organizing the top and acquired a canonical embodiment in the form of nine heads, symbolizing the nine ranks of angels or the nine ranks of holy saints.
    • The nine-domed structure was implemented as follows: four chapters were placed at the corners of the quadrangle, and the five-domed structure was placed on a cross-shaped barrel or cube that completed the temple.
    • Church of the Transfiguration.
    • Kizhi churchyard. Karelia. 1714

    • "Wooden architecture of Rus'"– a presentation that will introduce you to the history and diverse types of ancient Russian wooden buildings. This work is the logical conclusion of a series of presentations dedicated to ancient Russian architecture.

    Wooden architecture of Rus'

    "Wooden Rus':
    tent bell towers,
    The swaying of forests,

    villages in the snow,
    Howl of blizzard winds

    Yes, the sunsets are crimson,
    And the trembling of willows

    on the river bank."

    Lyubov Polyakova

    The roots of ancient Russian architecture go back to the depths of time. The most common in Rus' building material there was a tree. It was from him that Russian villages got their name. Temples, unique in beauty, light, harmonious, joyful, proportionate to man, were born from wood.

    Russian village

    There are countless villages and hamlets in the vast expanses of Russia. But they are all so different. In one, the huts climb up the slope and scatter along the stream, rolling over it. In another, houses look down from a cliff into the river, drowning in fragrant bird cherry trees. In the third, they are reflected in the shiny surface of the pond.

    But all the villages fit so skillfully and organically into the surrounding nature that they seem to be its continuation. Russian craftsmen knew how to use the features of the landscape: a high river bank, the top of a hillside, an intersection of roads, so that the structure could appear from its best side. The building and the surrounding nature existed in complete harmony. The construction of the building was treated as if it were painting icons. Of course, any man could install a square cage with one window and a flat pitched roof. But a proper house, with a basement, a porch with balusters, and carved decorations - towels and curtains - on the facade, and an upper room - only a real master can do. Obedient to a skillful hand, the tree could take any shape, making it possible to weave fancy lace when finishing it, or to put an intricate pattern on the entire wall.

    Russian village. Artist Yartsev

    Eighth wonder of the world

    By the 17th century, Russian architects had reached such heights in their skill that any building: boyar mansions, churches and watchtowers were erected not only to be durable, but also decorated with imagination and invention to the delight of people. A huge wooden palace, built in 1666-1671 for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, suddenly appeared before the admiring eyes of people, looking like something out of a fairy tale. Everything that master woodworkers have achieved is contained in this work of art.

    Turrets, passages, walkways, porches - the entire palace, decorated with rich carvings, decorated with tents, stacks, barrels, domes, multi-colored roofing and domes, shining with gilding, seemed like a real wonder of the world.

    Palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye

    By the end of the 18th century, by order of Empress Catherine, the palace was dismantled to the last log. In 2010, thanks to the preserved layout, this miracle was reconstructed, albeit in a new location.

    Palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye. Reconstruction

    Wooden fairy tale

    Wood does not live long, and most of the richly and intricately decorated wooden buildings have not survived to this day. But there is the Kizhi Island on Lake Onega; here there is one of the few museums of wooden architecture. The pearls of this museum are two churches. Both of them are fabulously beautiful, but the 22-double-domed Transfiguration Church, created as if by magic, is especially beautiful.

    “Domes, domes, domes... Twenty-two. The pointed “barrels” spread their wings to the sides - like the kokoshniks of Russian beauties. And on the ridges there are slender drums and onion-shaped heads with crosses, covered with the scales of a silver ploughshare. On northern white nights they glow with a mysterious phosphorescent sheen; at sunset they blaze with a solemn crimson... One tier, another, a third, a fourth... Higher, higher, and the top chapter, crowning this entire grandiose thirty-seven-meter pyramid, crashed into the very sky.” Opolovnikov A., Ostrovsky G. Wooden Rus'

    Random articles

    Up