Plastic bags with logo. Production of plastic bags with a logo to order Companies producing bags

Printing house OFSET MOSCOW will print and produce inexpensively, with high quality and in a time that is convenient for you. Delivery by courier in Moscow. Nice discounts all year round.

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Production plastic bags is designed to create modern packaging for everyday and completely diverse purposes. It is impossible to imagine going to the store for groceries and things without using bags, and if you put a company logo on the bag or make it in corporate style, then this will no longer be just a package, but an effective advertising tool.

Today, plastic bags are used in almost every field of activity:

• Trade - the production of plastic bags with branded logos is ordered by both large supermarkets and small shops
• Automotive business - various car parts are packaged in plastic bags, and plastic bags for tires have also become a new product
• Banks, investments, leasing - these companies provide clients with various cards, certificates, corporate gifts, etc. in plastic bags.
• Arts, entertainment, media mass communication- plastic bags act as packaging for art objects, souvenir products etc.
• Medicine, pharmaceuticals - in this industry, many goods and medical items are packaged in plastic bags

Also, plastic bags have become indispensable packaging at various exhibitions, presentations and meetings, where Handout or gifts are given to visitors, clients and partners.

Manufacturing of plastic bags to order

There are two types of production of plastic bags:

• HDPE bags (low-density polyethylene bags) - such bags are often used grocery stores, these can be packaging bags and “T-shirt” type bags, they are very capacious, have high load capacity and strength. They are made from environmentally friendly raw materials, so HDPE bags are used for packaging and freezing products, without loss physical properties of this product. Features: matte, rough, rustling.
• LDPE bags (high-density polyethylene bags) - this bag is more dense, elastic and smooth. Such packages are often used at exhibitions, festivals, conferences, etc. LDPE packages have a more presentable appearance appearance than that of HDPE packages.

Printing on plastic bags

The most important thing in the production of plastic bags is the raw materials and technology for applying paints, that is, high-quality printing on plastic bags. uses only environmentally friendly raw materials. Ready-made plastic bags can be used without any fear for storing food, used in everyday life, and so on. As for printing on bags, this means using only high-quality inks, which will provide you with the expected result. We will produce bright and colorful plastic bags that will work for the image of your company. Order printing on plastic bags inexpensively and quickly from professionals - in the OFSET MOSCOW printing house!

Order plastic bags with logo

Contact us and we will select and produce packages for you that match the specifics of your activity. Moreover, the OFSET MOSCOW printing house guarantees low prices, comfortable production times, free shipping, kind and helpful staff. Order plastic bags You can do it inexpensively with us.

Plastic bag with logo to order from 100 pcs➤ price

The price includes bags measuring 40x50(+3) cm, 50 microns thick, white with a die-cut reinforced handle.

Prices are for informational purposes only and are not a public offer.

• The package is 70 microns thick. + 2.50 RUR/pcs.
• Package 80 microns thick. + 3.50 RUR/pcs.
• Package 100 microns thick. + 5.00 RUR/pcs.
• When printing in silver or gold, as well as the presence of a solid or raster image in the layout, the cost increases by 15%.
• When printing on packages measuring 60x50(+4)cm or 70x60(+4), the cost of application increases by 20%.
• Colored package - the price depends on the color and density of the package.

To package sandwiches and fruits, the first packaging bag was made in America in the 50s. It turned out that this was convenient, and already in the 60s they began to sell bread in just such packages. Traditional “T-shirts” appeared on sale only in the 80s, but they have become popular all over the world since the early 2000s. And for good reason: the production of plastic bags is quite simple, the price of the product is low, and there are a lot of conveniences. Today we’ll “take a look” into the workshop and tell you how plastic bags are made.

Technology for the production of plastic bags

The production of polyethylene bags occurs in several stages:

• the extruder blows out a polyethylene “pipe”;
• the pipe is cut into pieces;
• glue the seams by welding;
• handles are cut out;
• drawing or coloring is applied on a special machine;
• After this, the products can be further laminated. Of course, this is not required for “T-shirts” and “packaging”, but for long-term options with handles and branded packaging it is important.

How the film appears

The polyethylene film from which the bags are made is produced by extrusion. First, polyethylene in the form of granular balls is loaded into the extruder hopper: there it melts at a temperature of 180-240 ° C, is pressed and blown through a round hole. The molten material rises under air pressure to the upper part of the extruder, where it is cooled and wound onto a drum. When the required footage has been wound, the film is cut and a new roll is started.

Important: if you immediately need to get an opaque film, then the dye is poured into the extruder hopper along with the granules.

Printing a drawing

To apply a picture or logo, you will need a machine: flexographic - for circulations of more than 3000 pieces or silk-screen printing - for circulations of 100 pieces or more.

What is the difference between silk-screen printing and flexography:

• A silk-screen printer applies a design using stencils, allowing you to quickly create bright and large images;
• The flexograph prints with highly elastic liquid inks. The machine consists of rollers on which soft polymer-printed forms are mounted. The dispenser supplies the paint, the roller is wetted with it, and then the drum starts rewinding the film. During rewinding, the film rotates the rollers, and they leave a bright, durable pattern on it.

The paint needs to be thinned technical alcohol and stir constantly while working so that it does not thicken.

Cutting and welding seams

The bag-making machine cuts the roll according to a given template, forms a fold on the side and on the bottom seam. A heating press at a temperature of 180°C seals these folds into the seams in just 2 seconds.

Sealing occurs according to a given seam size - this indicator is responsible for the strength of the bag, since the greatest load goes to the bottom.

Now the film has turned into a roll of blanks, and it is sent for cutting. To do this, the roll is pulled through an optical sensor: it marks the boundaries of each package, guided by the pattern and seams. Such a sensor is required when you need to apply logos or a certain picture in a certain part of the package.

A guillotine (hot knife) or a punching press cuts out products according to a template and also forms a handle. Depending on the template, the handles can be cut out; if this is the production of T-shirt bags, they can be cut to shape, for which a special attachment for the press will be required. The handles of “bananas” are reinforced: thick plastic of a similar color is soldered onto them.

That's all: finished bags are packed in 100 pieces, sent for quality control, and then to the warehouse.

To package finished products you will need plastic clips. To make them you will also need a special installation.

Equipment for the production of plastic bags

So, for a full cycle you will need the following machines for the production of plastic bags:

• extruder - “inflates” sheets 30-50 cm wide and 0.1 mm thick from polyethylene granules. Suitable piston, disc, single-screw and multi-screw extruders with a capacity of 40 kg/hour;

Warning: you can save money by buying a semi-manual machine and ready-made film, but in the end the cost finished product will be higher. With such a machine it will be possible to produce only “packing” and garbage bags - you won’t be able to go wild with the assortment. Therefore, companies with full-cycle production often have cheaper packages than those of semi-handicraft workshops, and the product line is wider.

• a bag-making machine, which has a built-in heating and cutting press, thermal needles, a photosensor - will make cutting and cut out handles (“T-shirts”, “bananas”, packages with a plastic clip, etc.);
• flexograph - prints a drawing;
• machine for lamination, drying and making clips.

The service life of the machines is about 10 years, if preventative maintenance is done on time.

A plastic bag production line needs a workshop system that supports temperature regime. This is necessary so that the resulting sheet cools and hardens evenly.

The workshop should have ceilings of 8 meters and an area of ​​approx. 150 sq. meters. To protect the health of employees, powerful ventilation is needed, since when melted, polyethylene releases aggressive volatile compounds. Therefore, the workshop building itself must be located in a non-residential or industrial area. Equipment, placement, systems and organization of workplaces are checked for compliance with GOST 12.3.002-74, 12.2.061-81 and 12.3.002-74.

Raw materials and suppliers

Raw materials for the production of polyethylene bags must comply with GOST 10354-82 (it is necessary to undergo quarterly certification, providing produced samples for examination).

The best polyethylene for the production of bags is spherical granules with a diameter of 3-5 mm.

What are plastic bags made of:

• high-density polyethylene (HDPE)- it is high-quality, non-toxic, intended for Food Industry. Used for the production of polyethylene bags for packaging. It is used to make “T-shirts”, bags with cut-out and loop handles. The product does not tear even from sharp objects and does not crack from frost. Complies with GOST 16337-77;
• low pressure polyethylene (HDPE) - there are both higher quality options with approval for contact with food products, as well as standard HDPE for storing dry and bulk products. Such products can withstand a lot of weight and are often used to make garbage bags. They are not afraid of frost and chemical reagents, they comply with GOST 16338-85.

Compared to HDPE, LDPE is softer, more flexible and more pleasing in appearance, with a matte surface. HDPE is stiffer, denser, not as transparent and rustles.

In addition, all granules are divided by type into first grade and recycled polyethylene.

Bags made from recycled polymer are of worse quality, they are toxic, and it is prohibited to put food products in them. Recycled raw materials are only suitable for the production of garbage bags.

Granular polyethylene grades 10803-020, 15813-003 and 15313-003, produced in Russia (Kazanorgsintez PJSC, Tomskneftekhim LLC) and South Korean production, are popular among manufacturers.

The manufacturing process itself is simple. The main thing is to work before production begins: do not skimp on automatic equipment and high-quality raw materials. Recycled polymers and semi-automation often result in high production costs and time expenditures, which negate any initial savings.

We will tell you why a business idea for producing plastic bags will not fail, how much money is needed to start a project and how justified is investing in such production.

Most entrepreneurs prefer to start in already developed industries, building a business in the image and likeness of successful analogues. The production of plastic bags is one of these areas.

Do you want to know what investments a new business will require, why it is attractive and unique, and what profit it will bring? Read our article carefully.

How in demand is the production of plastic bags?

The production of packaging materials attracts entrepreneurs with constant demand. In recent decades, polyethylene has become the most popular way packaging, and this trend is not decreasing.

Plastic bags are used in trade, catering, manufacturing, construction, and private households. PET bags are used for garbage bags, bread bags, clothing bags, freezing bags, sandwich bags, cling film etc. And bright plastic bags with logos are an excellent advertising medium, inexpensive and effective.

We often hear about the need to replace plastic with paper, etc. There is a trend towards this, but the market situation in Russia dictates its own laws. Therefore, you should not be surprised by the opening of another PET production facility: the population and entrepreneurs are choosing budget products.

Why won't such a business idea fail?

So, the first factor in the attractiveness of film packaging is the constant demand of consumers.

The second factor is a wide range of. A full-cycle PET plant will satisfy the needs of cities and villages, trade, construction, and manufacturing companies, and respond to seasonal changes in demand.

For example, during the summer season, covering material (films for greenhouses) is in demand, and when harvesting, thick bags are needed for storing and transporting vegetables, etc.

How else does a PET mini-plant attract entrepreneurs, and where do the risks await them?

Let's consider the pros and cons of the project:

Strategy: mini-shop or full cycle?

Is it possible to build profitable enterprise with minimal starting capital?

To answer this question, let's conduct a brief comparative analysis:

The table shows the average parameters. Setting up a full-cycle workshop will require 10 times more money and effort than starting a mini-line. But these costs will pay off faster: the cost of production is twice as high, the range is wider.

The first option (for example, a mini-workshop for the production of garbage bags) will become profitable business, if three conditions are met:

1. A profitable contract for the sale of products has been concluded.
2. An agreement was signed for high-quality raw materials at a low price.
3. Costs for delivery and maintenance of the workshop are minimal.

At the same time, the second option, based on the complete processing of raw materials into film and then into bags, may not bring the expected income, but losses. The reason will be the refusal of the wholesaler to cooperate, an increase in prices for raw materials or other commercial risk.

Having invested a large sum in development, you need to be prepared for both high profits and large losses. The result of any undertaking depends on the specific conditions of doing business, agreements with partners, the market situation and the managerial competence of the owner.

Watch the workshop in action in video format:

Where to start making plastic bags - step-by-step instructions for a businessman

Before making any investment, conduct market research and create a business plan. These actions are necessary, regardless of the chosen production format.

Of course, you can spend money by ordering marketing research from specialists. But if your plans do not include setting up an international holding company to produce T-shirt bags, and your interests are limited to selling packaging for the needs of nearby farms Villa-Kukuevo and retail outlets on the Rublevo-Figasevo highway, conduct your marketing.

Let's look at the parameters that are definitely worth studying.

Consumers. Think about who your customers will be, what products they will purchase and in what quantities. Take into account seasonal demand (if you plan to cooperate with construction companies and agriculture). Also evaluate the distance of customers from your warehouse (price and delivery times matter!).

Advice: use personal connections and conduct research in the business environment, learn about the needs different companies in film or bags, volumes, prices, competitors, etc.

Competitors. Analyze who supplies products to your region, whether there are local manufacturers. Evaluate the quality of their product, cost, delivery conditions.

Raw material suppliers. Determine the conditions under which you will receive raw materials for your workshop. Evaluate the cost, delivery time, payment procedure, manufacturer’s guarantees, batch sizes and everything that you consider important for your specific business.

Advice: compare several offers and identify two or three suppliers with the most favorable conditions for you.

Business infrastructure. At this stage, determine where your business will be located and who will serve it. Economical options are good if other processes are not affected.

For example, if you choose cheap rental premises 120 km from consumers and the railway station, you risk ruining your business. Fare for the transportation of containers with PET granules and delivery finished products for the Rublevo-Figasevo highway will become the main cost item; there will be no money for other expenses.

The number of personnel depends on the business model, its volume and strategy. Assess the labor market in your region, the level of average salaries, forecast the fund wages of your enterprise.

Explore labor legislation, think about how you will formalize relations with employees, how much taxes to pay.

Having gone through this simple path, you need to draw up a business plan.

Step 1. Draw up a business plan

If you intend to apply to a bank for a loan for equipment, a business plan will be required. For those who count on equity, you shouldn’t neglect planning either. Make a simple forecast given the data marketing research and features technological process.

1. Sales prospects. Based on the planned capacity of the equipment, evaluate the real sales prospects. For example, with a line capacity of 5,000 plastic bags per hour, you can produce 880,000 units in a month. How many of them will you sell in the first month of work and subsequent months?
2. Prices and terms of settlements with clients. Large wholesalers will want individual conditions: low prices, deferred payments. Reflect this in your forecasts.
3. Terms of supply of raw materials. Get ready to buy raw materials on an advance payment basis. You can change the terms and get discounts and deferments by becoming a regular customer of a large supplier. In your business plan, take into account the costs of stocking raw materials, delivery and storage.
4. Business processes and production maintenance costs. Determine how all divisions of your enterprise will operate and how much expenses will be required to maintain it.

As a result of all the calculations, you will get a forecast of production income and expenses for the near future.

For beginners, an easy way: download for free ready business plan and modify it taking into account your parameters, obtaining a realistic forecast.

An example of a business plan with calculations of income and expenses for two years.

Step 2. Register a business

At this stage, you need to determine the form of ownership: LLC or individual entrepreneur. The last option is preferred by most entrepreneurs working in the field of small and medium-sized businesses. This is explained simple process registration and reporting: the entrepreneur submits an annual income declaration.

Important! When registering you need to select codes OKVED activities. Suitable 25.22 and 51.47 (production of plastic products for packaging; wholesale non-food products).

It will take from one to three weeks to register your business, depending on the chosen form.

Step 3. Choose a room

When searching for premises, use the following parameters:

1. Ceiling area and height. For a mini-line, a room with a standard ceiling height and an area of ​​10 m2 is sufficient. The full cycle will require special conditions: the room must have high ceilings, have a certain temperature regime for the operation of the automation and extruder (PET granules are melted in it).
2. The area of ​​the premises must be sufficient for storing raw materials and finished products, accommodating personnel (locker room, office, pantry, etc.)
3. Ventilation and communications. PET production is an unsafe process for health, so the room must have a good ventilation system. Check the quality of other communications: electrical wiring, water supply and sewerage systems, heating.
4. Driveways. It is important to have a ramp or area for loading and unloading operations.
5. Infrastructure and location. Ideally, your enterprise should be located in close proximity to consumers and suppliers of raw materials. But miracles do not happen, so look for a compromise, evaluating offers not only by the amount of rent, but also by the convenience for doing business.

Step 4. Selecting personnel

The number of personnel depends on the scale and specifics of the work. To service one line when working in one shift, two workers and a foreman with the functions of a service technician are enough. In addition to the main personnel, a sales department manager, a delivery driver, and a storekeeper may be required. Perhaps all these functions will be performed by the entrepreneur himself.

At this stage, it is necessary to establish relationships with employees by concluding contracts and defining working conditions.

Step 5. We purchase raw materials and equipment

When choosing equipment, get advice from salespeople - dealers large manufacturers lines. Determine the required composition of your line (extruder, die-cutting machine, bag line, flexo printing, etc.). It is not necessary to immediately purchase a complete set: designs for bags can be ordered externally, saving on the purchase of expensive flexo printing.

Plan timing at this stage taking into account delivery, assembly and commissioning of equipment.

When purchasing raw materials, do not forget to obtain certificates of compliance with GOSTs:

• polyethylene film high pressure, for food products GOST 16337-77 (PVD);
• low pressure film, for bulk dry products GOST 16338-85 (HDPE).

Don’t forget about furniture and production equipment - tables and chairs, cabinets for documents and clothes, a safe, office equipment.

Step 6. Launch the business and begin sales

After registering the enterprise, technical launch of the equipment and training of personnel, proceed to production. By the time you open, you should already have contracts for the supply of finished products.

What you need to properly register a business

In addition to registering an enterprise (LLC or individual entrepreneur), you must obtain permission from the local administration. Opening a PET workshop will require permitting documentation from SES, fire protection, energy supervision, environmentalists.

You can receive a certificate of compliance of finished products with the GOST standard after the start by submitting samples for examination.

How much money will you need to start a business?

Answering the question of how much money is needed to start, here are some simple calculations:

This is an incomplete list of all costs; there are no taxes, marketing costs, transportation, etc.

Size starting capital determined taking into account specific circumstances. For example, the landlord will want an advance payment for the premises for six months, and the supplier of raw materials will ship a year's supply of pellets.

How profitable is such a business?

The production of PET products is considered a highly profitable business. But how do mathematical calculations correspond to reality?

Using the data from the previous example, we will calculate the payback of the workshop, subject to the production of one product - packaging bags:

Calculations show that the investment will pay off in 18 months. In a real situation, profit will depend on many nuances. For example, assortment and sales price, prices for raw materials and rent, etc. It is impossible to foresee all moments, but it is necessary to plan for force majeure.

Therefore, when drawing up your business plan, take into account possible downtime due to equipment breakdown, dumping of competitors' prices, increased utility costs, etc. That is, plan your income to the minimum and expenses to the maximum - this approach will give a realistic picture.

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Polyethylene plastic bags are used for various purposes and are used in all industries and economic activity. You can carry everything in them - from food to electronic goods.

PRODUCTION

The PAKVERK company in Moscow produces various types of polymer materials. The production of plastic bags is one of the specializations of our enterprise. The products we offer are useful in everyday life; they are used when making purchases and transporting various goods.

You can order the production of different types of bags from us:

• thin "T-shirts" different sizes;
• made of thick film with a reinforced cut-out handle, reinforced with an additional strip of film;
• bags with side folds;
• production of bags of large and non-standard sizes;
• production of classic bags with an overhead handle;
• with a cut-out handle and a plain/filled bottom;
• with clasp;
• production of thin packaging bags without handles in rolls;
• garbage bags, etc.

PACKAGES WITH LOGO

In accordance with customer requirements, we can apply high-quality flexographic printing using the latest imported dyes. Printing is carried out using the latest technology, with special attention to the high quality of our bags.

When ordering production for packages various types at the KORPAK plant in Moscow, it is important to indicate the following parameters:

• size;
• type of handle on bags - die-cut reinforced/non-reinforced handle, without handle;
• bottom type - regular/embedded;
• film density;
• printing color - monochrome, 4 colors or full color;
• maximum sealing area on a plastic bag;
• circulation.

You can get more detailed information about products and terms of cooperation and production from our managers.

Manufacturing plastic bags is a fairly common business. However, it has not lost its relevance for many years. People buy plastic bags to carry luggage, pack gifts in them, put groceries in them when leaving stores and supermarkets. Such containers are inexpensive. It is often used as an advertising field to popularize trademark or shares. To produce polyethylene products, a production line of several installations will be required, manufacturing facility and several staff members. This business can be classified as a small business.

How to start a business producing plastic bags

Before you start organizing production, you need to study the product market in your region. Usually about ten enterprises “get along” well in one economic zone. Of course, there is competition among them, but there is also enough work for everyone. It is necessary to analyze whether there is free niche products where you could sell your goods. Large enterprises, even on a national scale, not so much. For example, the production of T-shirt bags is usually established in each region. It meets the needs of enterprises and the population. On average, the profitability of the full production cycle is 15%.

How much money do you need to start a business producing plastic bags?

The simplest way to build a technological process is to stamp finished bags from polyethylene blanks. To do this you will need a cutting and soldering machine. It costs on average 200-250 thousand rubles. A semi-automatic device will cost even less. However, such equipment will make it possible to produce the simplest and cheapest products from thin film. Any additions in the form of handles will require other production equipment. But the assortment can be supplemented with garbage bags.

Technology for the production of plastic bags

Polyethylene film is a transparent and thin material that is produced by extrusion. The method itself consists of pressing molten raw materials through a hole of a given size and shape. The units for its implementation are called extruders. The raw materials are poured into it in the form of granules, and at the exit from the installation, a polyethylene blank in the form of a sleeve or sheet will be obtained. Polyethylene granules are produced by domestic factories, so delivering it to production is not difficult. Typically, granules are used that are closest to a spherical shape and have a size of 3-5 mm. You can use recycled materials for garbage bags. The extrusion unit is the basis of the production line.

The whole technology can be described as follows:

Simple products without handles are simply fed into the machine, sealed and cut. The technology for producing T-shirt bags is a little longer. First, the bottom of the bag is sealed, then the handles are cut using a hot knife. If the product has a pattern, the equipment recognizes it using a photocell.

Equipment for the production of printed plastic bags is complemented by a photographic machine. By the way, it can work not only with polyethylene surfaces. Elastic paints are used as colorants.

Today you can find a variety of models and configurations on the bag production equipment market. Mostly devices from China, Korea and Turkey are presented. Gradually, domestic manufacturers began to develop this market. It is important to choose the best option that would satisfy the needs of production and allow expanding the range of products. Basic set machines will cost approximately 60 thousand dollars. The printing machine will cost about 65 thousand dollars. If a businessman does not have enough investment to purchase it, then the application of the image can be entrusted to other companies that have such equipment. The cost of printing services will not greatly affect the cost of the final product.

What kind of premises is needed for the production of plastic bags?

There are certain requirements for the room where the line will be installed. This should be a workshop with high ceilings. The extrusion machine has quite large dimensions, and its height reaches 6 meters. Exhaust and heating must work in the room. Unconstant temperature or excessive pollution in the air affect the quality of polyethylene. Personnel must be recruited at the rate of one employee per employee technological operation. Working with the equipment is not difficult, but it is still better if employees are trained to use it. Such courses are usually organized by machine tool supplier companies.

How much can you earn from producing plastic bags?

And some more numbers. All machines for producing bags will cost a minimum amount of 250 thousand rubles. This is if you focus on the basic option. The equipment is capable of producing 25 thousand products per shift. The cost of one package usually does not exceed 30 kopecks. When purchasing in large quantities, prices start from 60 kopecks. In a month, an enterprise producing the simplest products can receive an income of 500 thousand rubles. This figure is calculated taking into account the fact that all products are sold without delay in warehouses. The return on investment will then occur in 12-18 months.

Finally, it should be mentioned that all over the world today they are trying to switch to more environmentally friendly packaging materials. In our country there is no competition for plastic bags yet. They can be used without any restrictions. However, given general trend To use environmentally friendly containers, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of producing alternative, more natural products.

Which OKVED code must be specified for the production of plastic bags

For this line of business, the OKVED code is in section “C”, which corresponds to manufacturing. It contains a special code 22.22, which directly relates to the manufacture of plastic products intended for packaging various goods.

What documents are needed to open

When opening small production– mini-workshops, it will be enough to register as individual entrepreneur. The registration period does not exceed 5 days. To do this, you will need to submit an application and attach a photocopy of your passport to it, as well as pay state fee for considering it. You will need to register with government bodies and open a bank account.

If you set up production that is quite impressive in terms of volume, then you need to register legal entity, in this case, a society with limited liability. The package of documents here is more impressive compared to an individual entrepreneur. In addition to the application itself, you will need:

• Shareholders' decision to create an LLC;
• Charter;
• information about the director and chief accountant;
• payment of state duty;
• legal address;
• authorized capital, etc.

Which tax system to choose for the production of plastic bags

When submitting documents for registration, it will be necessary to indicate the taxation system according to which taxes will be paid. Simplification is suitable for this area of ​​activity. It allows you to pay 6% of the income received or 15% of the net profit, i.e. from the income-expense difference. However, in the latter case, you will need to provide supporting documents about expenses incurred during the reporting period.

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