The first artificial earth satellite 1957 presentation. Presentation "The first artificial earth satellite"

The first satellite was called "Sputnik-1", scientists considered it
the name is suitable. Code designation of the device -
PS-1, which stands for "The Simplest Sputnik-1".
External and internal structure:
Externally, the satellite was an aluminum sphere equal to
58 cm with two crosswise curved antennas. Inside
located 50-kilogram batteries,
radio transmitter, fan, thermostat, various
sensors. The total weight was 83.6 kg.

This day in history: (video)

We have long been accustomed to the fact that we live in the era of space exploration. However, watching huge reusable rockets and space orbital stations today, many do not realize that the first launch of a spacecraft took place not so long ago - only 60 years ago.

Photograph of the world's first artificial Earth satellite

General information

Who launched the first artificial earth satellite? - USSR. This question has great importance, since this event gave rise to the so-called space race between the two superpowers: the USA and the USSR.

What was the name of the world's first artificial earth satellite? - since such devices did not previously exist, Soviet scientists considered that the name "Sputnik-1" was quite suitable for this device. The code designation of the device is PS-1, which stands for "The Simplest Sputnik-1".

Externally, the satellite had a rather uncomplicated appearance and was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm to which two curved antennas were attached crosswise, allowing the device to spread radio emission evenly and in all directions. Inside the sphere, made of two hemispheres fastened with 36 bolts, there were 50-kilogram silver-zinc batteries, a radio transmitter, a fan, a thermostat, pressure and temperature sensors. The total weight of the device was 83.6 kg. It is noteworthy that the radio transmitter broadcast in the range of 20 MHz and 40 MHz, that is, ordinary radio amateurs could follow it.

History of creation

The history of the first space satellite and space flights as a whole begins with the first ballistic missile - V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe-2). The rocket was developed by the famous German designer - Wernher von Braun at the end of World War II. The first test launch took place in 1942, and the combat one in 1944, a total of 3225 launches were made, mainly in the UK. After the war, Wernher von Braun surrendered to the US Army, in connection with which he headed the Arms Design and Development Service in the United States. Back in 1946, a German scientist presented to the US Department of Defense a report “Preliminary design of an experimental spacecraft orbiting the Earth”, where he noted that a rocket capable of launching such a ship into orbit could be developed within five years. However, funding for the project was not approved.

On May 13, 1946, Joseph Stalin adopted a resolution on the creation of a rocket industry in the USSR. Sergei Korolev was appointed chief designer of ballistic missiles. For the next 10 years, scientists developed intercontinental ballistic missiles R-1, R2, R-3, etc.

In 1948, rocket designer Mikhail Tikhonravov gave a report to the scientific community on composite rockets and the results of calculations, according to which the developed 1000-kilometer rockets can reach great distances and even put an artificial Earth satellite into orbit. However, such a statement was criticized and was not taken seriously. Tikhonravov's department at NII-4 was disbanded due to irrelevant work, but later, through the efforts of Mikhail Klavdievich, it was reassembled in 1950. Then Mikhail Tikhonravov spoke directly about the mission to put a satellite into orbit.

satellite model

After the creation of the R-3 ballistic missile, its capabilities were presented at the presentation, according to which the missile was capable of not only hitting targets at a distance of 3000 km, but also launching a satellite into orbit. So by 1953, scientists still managed to convince top management that the launch of an orbiting satellite was possible. And the leaders of the armed forces had an understanding of the prospects for the development and launch of an artificial Earth satellite (AES). For this reason, in 1954, a decision was made to create a separate group at NII-4 with Mikhail Klavdievich, which would be engaged in satellite design and mission planning. In the same year, Tikhonravov's group presented a space exploration program, from the launch of an artificial satellite to landing on the moon.

In 1955, a delegation of the Politburo headed by N. S. Khrushchev visited the Leningrad Metal Plant, where the construction of the two-stage rocket R-7 was completed. The impression of the delegation resulted in the signing of a decree on the creation and launch of a satellite into earth orbit in the next two years. The design of the artificial satellite began in November 1956, and in September 1957 the Simplest Sputnik-1 was successfully tested on a vibration stand and in a heat chamber.

Definitely to the question "who invented Sputnik-1?" - cannot be answered. The development of the first satellite of the Earth took place under the leadership of Mikhail Tikhonravov, and the creation of the launch vehicle and the launch of the satellite into orbit - under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. However, a considerable number of scientists and researchers worked on both projects.

Launch history

In February 1955, the top management approved the creation of the Scientific Research Test Site No. 5 (later Baikonur), which was to be located in the Kazakhstan desert. The first ballistic missiles of the R-7 type were tested at the test site, but according to the results of five experimental launches, it became clear that the massive warhead of the ballistic missile could not withstand the temperature load and needed to be improved, which would take about six months. For this reason, S.P. Korolev requested two rockets from N.S. Khrushchev for the experimental launch of PS-1. At the end of September 1957, the R-7 rocket arrived at Baikonur with a lightened head and a passage under the satellite. Extra equipment was removed, as a result of which the mass of the rocket was reduced by 7 tons.

On October 2, S.P. Korolev signed the order on flight tests of the satellite and sent a notice of readiness to Moscow. And although no answers came from Moscow, Sergei Korolev decided to bring the Sputnik launch vehicle (R-7) from PS-1 to the starting position.

The reason why the management demanded that the satellite be put into orbit during this period is that from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958, the so-called International Geophysical Year was held. According to it, during the specified period, 67 countries jointly and under a single program carried out geophysical research and observations.

The launch date of the first artificial satellite is October 4, 1957. In addition, on the same day, the opening of the VIII International Astronautical Congress took place in Spain, Barcelona. The leaders of the USSR space program were not disclosed to the public due to the secrecy of the work being carried out; Academician Leonid Ivanovich Sedov informed Congress about the sensational launch of the satellite. Therefore, it was the Soviet physicist and mathematician Sedov that the world community has long considered the "father of Sputnik."

Flight history

At 22:28:34 Moscow time, a rocket with a satellite was launched from the first site of NIIP No. 5 (Baikonur). After 295 seconds, the central block of the rocket and the satellite were launched into an elliptical Earth orbit (apogee - 947 km, perigee - 288 km). After another 20 seconds, PS-1 separated from the missile and gave a signal. It was the repeated signals of “Beep! Beep!”, which were caught at the range for 2 minutes, until Sputnik-1 disappeared over the horizon. On the first orbit of the apparatus around the Earth, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) transmitted a message about the successful launch of the world's first satellite.

After receiving the PS-1 signals, detailed data began to come in about the device, which, as it turned out, was close to not reaching the first space velocity and not entering orbit. The reason for this was an unexpected failure of the fuel control system, due to which one of the engines was late. A fraction of a second separated from failure.

However, PS-1 nevertheless successfully reached an elliptical orbit, along which it moved for 92 days, while completing 1440 revolutions around the planet. The radio transmitters of the device worked during the first two weeks. What caused the death of the first satellite of the Earth? - Having lost speed due to the friction of the atmosphere, Sputnik-1 began to descend and completely burned out in the dense layers of the atmosphere. It is noteworthy that many could observe some kind of brilliant object moving across the sky at that time. But without special optics, the shiny body of the satellite could not be seen, and in fact this object was the second stage of the rocket, which also rotated in orbit, along with the satellite.

The meaning of flight

The first launch of an artificial Earth satellite in the USSR produced an unprecedented rise in pride in their country and a strong blow to the prestige of the United States. An excerpt from the United Press publication: “90 percent of the talk about artificial Earth satellites came from the United States. As it turned out, 100 percent of the case fell on Russia ... ". And despite the erroneous ideas about the technical backwardness of the USSR, it was the Soviet apparatus that became the first satellite of the Earth, moreover, its signal could be tracked by any radio amateur. The flight of the first Earth satellite marked the beginning of the space age and launched the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Just 4 months later, on February 1, 1958, the United States launched its Explorer 1 satellite, which was assembled by the team of scientist Wernher von Braun. And although it was several times lighter than the PS-1 and contained 4.5 kg of scientific equipment, it was still the second one and no longer had such an impact on the public.

Scientific results of PS-1 flight

The launch of this PS-1 had several goals:

• Testing the technical ability of the apparatus, as well as checking the calculations made for the successful launch of the satellite;
• Research of the ionosphere. Before the launch of the spacecraft, radio waves sent from the Earth were reflected from the ionosphere, making it impossible to study it. Now, scientists have been able to begin exploring the ionosphere through the interaction of radio waves emitted by a satellite from space and traveling through the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.
• Calculation of the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by observing the rate of deceleration of the apparatus due to friction against the atmosphere;
• Investigation of the influence of outer space on equipment, as well as determining favorable conditions for the operation of equipment in space.

And although the satellite did not have any scientific equipment, tracking its radio signal and analyzing its nature yielded many useful results. So a group of scientists from Sweden measured the electronic composition of the ionosphere, based on the Faraday effect, which says that the polarization of light changes when it passes through a magnetic field. Also, a group of Soviet scientists from Moscow State University developed a method for observing the satellite with an accurate determination of its coordinates. Observation of this elliptical orbit and the nature of its behavior made it possible to determine the density of the atmosphere in the region of orbital heights. The unexpectedly increased density of the atmosphere in these areas prompted scientists to create a theory of satellite deceleration, which contributed to the development of astronautics.

Monument to the creators of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in Moscow. (photo from comrade Hamulus)

In the magazine "Radio" for radio amateurs, instructions were pre-printed for receiving a "signal from space" from PS-1;

• Calculations of the coordinates of the satellite with reference to time took scientists 30-60 minutes. Today, similar calculations by means of a computer would be carried out in 1-2 seconds;
• Before the Americans launched their first satellite, the Soviet Union launched its second spacecraft, Sputnik 2, into orbit on November 3, 1957. Moreover, for the first time there was a living creature on board the satellite - a mongrel dog-cosmonaut Laika. And although it was envisaged that the dog would live for about a week in Earth orbit, the animal died 5-7 hours after launch as a result of overheating.
• By the 50th anniversary of Sputnik-1, on October 4, 2007, a monument to the "First artificial Earth satellite" was erected in the science city of Korolev on Cosmonauts Avenue.
• The start of the space race forced the United States to create NASA.
• The launch of Sputnik 1 influenced the creation of DARPA and the Internet. In response to the successful launch of PS-1 with the further prospect of creating a new broadcasting network, the United States in 1957 created the Agency for Advanced research projects(ARPA). In the event of war, the United States also wanted to have a reliable system for transmitting information to long distance, resulting in the development of a computer network. On December 5, 1969, the ARPANET connected three universities and a research center. Later, this technology was implemented at CERN and eventually grew into the World Wide Web.

start. The United States was able to repeat the success of the USSR only on February 1, 1958, by launching the Explorer-1 satellite on the second attempt, weighing 10 times less than the first satellite. The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (which later received the open name of the Baikonur cosmodrome). The PS-1 satellite flew for 92 days, until January 4, 1958, making 1440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million kilometers), and its radio transmitters worked for two weeks after

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev is a Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons of the USSR, the founder of practical astronautics. The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocket and shipbuilding.

An advanced rocket and space power, and key figure in human space exploration, the creator of practical astronautics. Thanks to his ideas, the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was carried out. S. P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic superiority and made the USSR

A quiz dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. 1. What event was the beginning of the space age in the history of mankind? 2.Where and when did this event take place? 3. In what star system is our Galaxy located? 4. How many planets in the solar system can be seen with the naked eye? List their names. 5. What planet is called red and why? 6. On which planet of the solar system were the channels of dried up rivers discovered? 7.What are stars? 8. Why do stars have different colors? 9. Which of the planets in the solar system is the brightest in the night sky? 10. Which of the planets in the solar system is the smallest? 11. Which of the planets in the solar system is the largest? 12. In what month of the year is the Earth closest to the Sun? 13. The first woman is an astronaut.

14. Who and when was the first to make a spacewalk, moved away from the spacecraft by about 5 meters and stayed in outer space for 12 minutes. 9 s.? 15.Soviet designer of rocket and space vehicles, it was under his leadership that the first manned flight was prepared in the USSR. 16. What are the names of dogs that have been in space and returned safely to Earth. 17. Yuri Gagarin maintained continuous radio contact with the Mission Control Center. What was the astronaut's call sign? 18. How long did Yuri Gagarin's flight in space last? 19. Which of the earthlings was the first to visit the moon? 20. What was the name of the spaceship on which Yuri Gagarin made his flight? 21. The name of the cosmodrome from which the first artificial Earth satellite was launched and the first astronaut in history flew.

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The launch of the first artificial Earth satellite On October 4, 1957, the whole world was shocked by the news that the first Soviet artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik-1, had been launched into near-Earth orbit. So the first step into the sky was taken. “It was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but its ringing call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of humanity’s bold dream,” said S.P. Korolev, chief designer of rocket and space systems.

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Man has dreamed of flying for a long time. And not only dreamed, but also built his own hypotheses about this. So, for example, back in 1687, the great mathematician and physicist Newton suggested that if a lead cannonball is fired from a cannon standing on a mountain, then it will fly several miles along a curve before falling to the ground. If you shoot them with double strength, then it will fly away even further. By increasing the speed, you can increase the flight range, or you can make it surround the entire earth and even go into the heavenly spaces. The first to translate dreams into reality was K. E. Tsiolkovsky, when he deduced a formula for determining the speed of a rocket in outer space. Thus, already at the beginning of the XX century. there was a theoretical possibility of manufacturing artificial earth satellites. The impetus for their creation was the successful development of the first ballistic missile. The problems of its design and testing were dealt with by a group of scientists led by Academician M.V. Keldysh. For the first time, the decision to create an unoriented satellite of the Earth, launched with the help of an intercontinental ballistic missile, was made in 1956. According to preliminary calculations, it should have weighed approximately 1000-1400 kg, of which 200-300 kg was assigned to scientific equipment. The first launch was scheduled for 1957. At that time, the United States was preparing to launch its own artificial satellite. But the first attempt was unsuccessful, and the US Navy's Vanguard rocket overturned on the launch pad and exploded.

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The scientists decided to make the Soviet satellite in the form of a ball, which would allow the fullest use of its internal volume. In finished form, "Sputnik-1" (it received such a name) weighed only 83.6 kg; its diameter was 58 cm. To better reflect sunlight and provide the necessary thermal conditions, the case was made of aluminum alloy. The apparatus was powered by silver-zinc batteries capable of operating for 2-3 weeks. Four rod-shaped antennas 2.9 m long were installed on the outer surface of the apparatus, occupying a working position after entering orbit. Such a four-antenna system reduced the influence of the rotation of Sputnik-1 on the quality of signals received on Earth. In the interior of the sphere filled with nitrogen, a constant temperature was maintained by means of ventilation controlled by signals from special temperature sensors. Two radio transmitters were placed inside the apparatus, transmitting information about the pressure and temperature inside the satellite. With the help of the obtained data, scientists studied the conditions for the passage of radio waves from space to Earth. The signals were transmitted in the same way as by telegraph, with a wave length of 0.3 seconds. The transmitters worked alternately, changing after continuous operation for 14 seconds. The first satellite was called the simplest, although it had no analogues in the technology of that time. With his help, it was possible to carry out a number of scientific research. For example, thanks to the spherical shape of the body of Sputnik-1, it was possible to determine the density of the atmosphere at high altitudes with the greatest accuracy.

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October 4, 1957 at 22:28 Moscow time, Sputnik-1 was launched into orbit. He began to give the first signals from space immediately after separation from the last stage of the rocket. The first spacecraft made 1440 revolutions around the Earth, spending 96 minutes for each revolution. 10.2 sec. Its maximum distance from the Earth's surface was 947 km. It was in Earth orbit for only 92 days, after which it burned up in the dense layers of the atmosphere. But this day was the beginning of a new, space age of mankind, and the Russian word "satellite" entered many languages ​​of the world.

Completed by a student of 6 "A" class MOU "Secondary School No. 76" Andrey Tsarev Since ancient times, people, looking at the sky, tried to understand what is up there, above the clouds ... But for many thousands of years only Gods lived in heaven ... Powerful and inaccessible, striking with lightning, giving rain and terrible heat. And only in the 20th century people were able to rise to the clouds, and then go out into space. And our fathers and grandfathers were the first... The founder of modern cosmonautics The founder of modern cosmonautics is the Russian scientist and inventor Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich (1857-1935). His research for the first time showed the possibility of achieving cosmic speeds, proving the feasibility of interplanetary flights. He was the first to study the issue of a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth and expressed the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating near-Earth stations as artificial settlements using the energy of the Sun, and intermediate bases for interplanetary communications, considered the biomedical problems that arise during long-term space flights. The USSR - the birthplace of cosmonautics The Soviet Union was one of the first states where work was purposefully carried out to create rocket technology, both military and space destination . Already in 1931, the "Jet Propulsion Study Group" was created, which, along with the "Gas Dynamics Laboratory", played a major role in the emergence of Soviet rocket science. In 1933, both groups were merged into the Reactive Research Institute, in which prominent scientists worked: S.P. Korolev, F.A. Zander, M.V. Keldysh, N.K. Tikhonravov. and others. The pioneer of rocket technology Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, an outstanding Russian scientist, is not without reason called the "Pioneer of rocket technology." In the history of space exploration, a whole era of the first remarkable achievements is associated with his name. Korolev's scientific and technical ideas were widely used in rocket and space technology. Under the leadership of Korolev, many ballistic and geophysical rockets, launch vehicles and manned spacecraft "Vostok" and "Voskhod" were created, on which for the first time in history a man's space flight and man's exit into outer space were made. The first artificial satellite of the Earth. If you go far from big cities and peer into the dark, starry sky for a long time, you can find a small spark moving across the sky. It will be one of the artificial satellites of the Earth. The launch of the first artificial Earth satellite took place in the USSR on October 4, 1957. The satellite flew for 92 days, making only 1440 revolutions around the Earth. The famous science fiction writer Ray Bradbury said about the first satellite: "... that little light, rapidly moving from edge to edge of the sky, was the future of all mankind." Living Beings in Orbit The names of the brave conquerors of the Cosmos, the dogs Belka and Strelka, are known all over the world. But before them, more than 30 dogs flew into orbit, with varying degrees of success. Belka and Strelka are the first animals to make an orbital space flight on the Sputnik-5 spacecraft and return to Earth unharmed. The launch took place on August 19, 1960, the flight lasted more than 25 hours, during which the ship made 17 complete orbits around the Earth. Along with dogs, monkeys, rats, turtles and other animals flew into orbit at different times. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the village of Klushino, Gzhatsky district, Western region of the RSFSR (now Gagarinsky district, Smolensk region). By origin, he comes from peasants: his father, Alexei Ivanovich Gagarin (1902-1973), is a carpenter, his mother, Anna Timofeevna Matveeva (1903-1984), worked on a dairy farm. For almost a year and a half, in the most difficult conditions, the Gagarin family was under fascist occupation. Yuri's younger brother, Boris Gagarin, was hanged by the Germans on a scarf, but his mother managed to save him. First steps in life Yuri went to school on September 1, 1941, still in his village, but then the Gagarin family moved to the city of Gzhatsk, where in May 1949 Gagarin graduated from the sixth grade of Gzhatskaya high school . On September 30, 1949, he entered the Lyubertsy vocational school No. 10. At the same time, he entered the evening school for working youth, from which he graduated from the seventh grade in May 1951, and in June he graduated with honors from the school as a molder-caster. Connection with Saratov In August 1951, Gagarin entered the Saratov Industrial College, and on October 25, 1954, he first came to the Saratov flying club. In 1955, Yuri Gagarin achieved significant success, graduated with honors and made the first solo flight on a Yak-18 aircraft. In total, Yuri Gagarin performed 196 flights in the flying club and flew 42 hours 23 minutes. Looking ahead, we note that Gagarin landed, after his flight, in the Saratov region, not far from Engels near the village of Smelovka. In order to commemorate the landing of the first cosmonaut on Saratov land in 1965, a 27-meter stainless steel obelisk was erected. The work was carried out by workers and engineers of the Engels enterprises. Path to Space On October 27, 1955, Gagarin was drafted into the army and sent to the city of Chkalov, to the 1st Military Aviation School named after K. E. Voroshilov, which he graduated with honors on October 25, 1957. For two years he served in the 122nd Fighter Aviation Division of the Northern Fleet. On December 9, 1959, Gagarin wrote an application with a request to enroll him in the group of cosmonaut candidates, and on March 3, 1960, by order of the Air Force Commander-in-Chief, he was enrolled in the group of cosmonaut candidates. On March 25, regular classes began under the cosmonaut training program. He said - "Let's go!" On April 12, 1961, the Vostok-1 spacecraft was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome for the first time in the world, with pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board. The ship completed only one revolution around the Earth and was in space for only 108 minutes. For this feat, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and starting on April 12, 1962, the day of Gagarin's flight into space was declared a holiday - Cosmonautics Day. It was a real feat. Few people know, but three TASS reports were prepared about Gagarin's flight into space. The first - "Successful", the second - "Appeal to the governments of other countries", asking for help in the search, and the third - "Tragic", if Gagarin does not return alive. The first spacewalk The first spacewalk was performed by Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov on March 18, 1965 from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft using a flexible airlock. The total time of the first exit was 23 minutes 41 seconds (of which 12 minutes 9 seconds were outside the ship), and based on its results, a conclusion was made about the ability of a person to perform various work in outer space. Spacewalks are always dangerous, and the first spacewalks were extremely dangerous. Having completed the first exit program, Leonov had difficulty returning to the ship, since the swollen suit did not pass through the Voskhod airlock. Only the release of air pressure in the spacesuit made it possible then to complete the flight safely. Woman in Space by Tereshkova After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev had the idea to launch a woman cosmonaut into space. In 1962, a group of five people was formed, among which was Valentina Tereshkova. She made her space flight and the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. The flight lasted almost three days. The ship made 48 revolutions around the Earth and landed in the Baevsky district of the Altai Territory, where the stele was subsequently installed. Valentina Vladimirovna was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, she rose to the rank of Major General. Everything is ahead… For more than 50 years, people have been flying into space. They were on the Moon, many months of expeditions took place on space stations, artificial satellites reached the far corners of the solar system. Reusable ships continue to be created and developed, the first tourists flew into space. Mankind is planning flights to Mars, looking into other star systems with the help of powerful telescopes. All this is ahead, but we must always remember "WHO WAS THE FIRST ...". List of used literature 1.www.cosmosravelin.narod.ru 2.www.wikipedia.org 3.www.cosmoworld.ru 4.www.astronaut.ru 5.www.chudesa.by.ru 6.www.kp.ru