planned target for fuel production or consumption- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Energy topics in general EN fuel target...
indicative target- - Telecommunications topics, basic concepts EN indicative planning figureIPF ... Technical Translator's Guide
TASK, tasks, Wed. A task assigned to someone, an assignment (book newspaper). The cost reduction task has been completed. Planned task. Exceed the target. Work on assignments. || Design, purpose, task. Set yourself a task. || That,… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
exercise- , iya, wed. * Planned task. The prescribed, planned scope of work. ◘ The same word Plan in newly formed compound words began to widely act as a definition: planned economy die Planwirtschaft:, planned task die... ...
Assignment for carrying out work to preserve a cultural heritage site- 3.7.1. Task for carrying out work to preserve the object cultural heritage: (Planned (restoration) task) The form is determined by the procedure or regulations established by the bodies of state protection of cultural heritage objects, including ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
I; Wed 1. A goal or task set for someone. for execution. Responsible, difficult h. Government, secret h. Z. national importance. Project for the study of the flora and fauna of Lake Baikal. Z. for exploration of deposits. Give, fulfill the task... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
exercise- I; Wed 1) A goal or task set for someone. for execution. Responsible, difficult task. Government, secret mission. Task of national importance. Assignment on studying the flora and fauna of Lake Baikal. Intelligence task... ... Dictionary of many expressions
The planned target for the production and sale of products is established. nomenclature and quality; leading section of state people's development plan x VA USSR, industry plan, prtiya. P. p. pr tiya main. techpromfinpla section on... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
planned- oh, oh. 1. Related to a (production) plan. * Planned task. ◘ It was work that she performed as a routine scheduled task. Gladkov, vol. 2, 95. 2. Carried out according to a pre-developed plan. * Planned... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Council of Deputies
This term has other meanings, see Strommashina. "Strommashina" (JSC "Strommashina") Type of JSC Year of foundation 1950 Location ... Wikipedia
farming- , a, cf. 1. Everything that constitutes production; economy. * Planned economy. * Planned housekeeping. (A distinctive feature of the socialist mode of production). ◘ The same word Plan began to appear in newly formed words... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Council of Deputies
Relative values in statistics represent the quotient of dividing two statistical values, and characterize the quantitative relationship between them, expressed either in the form of a coefficient or as a percentage (Fig. 18.).
When calculating relative values, the numerator always contains an indicator that reflects the phenomenon being studied, and the denominator always contains an indicator with which comparison is made.
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Relative magnitude of fulfillment of contractual obligations– an indicator characterizing the level of fulfillment by an enterprise of its contractual obligations. In connection with the transition of the country's economy to market relations in statistical reporting will not contain planned indicators; instead, the relative amounts of fulfillment of contractual obligations will be calculated by the ratio of actually fulfilled obligations and the volume of obligations provided for in the contract, expressed either in the form of a coefficient or as a percentage.
The relative magnitude of fulfillment of contractual obligations is nothing more than relative value implementation of the plan , since in the conditions of market relations the level stipulated by the contract will be planned, i.e.:
At the Great Dane. = At pl.
Relative value of plan implementation = 
In addition, for enterprises it is established relative value of the planned target , which shows how many times or by what percentage the value of the indicator should increase or decrease according to the plan (according to the contract) in comparison with its actual level in the previous period.
Relative value of the planned target = . 100%, Where:
UPL- planned level of the indicator for the reporting period;
Whoa- actual level in the base period.
The relative magnitude of the dynamics characterizes the change in the phenomenon being studied over time and shows a decrease or increase in the indicator compared to any previous period. As a rule, the analysis is based on data for a number of periods.
In this case, the comparison base can be constant (basic growth rates) or variable (chain growth rates)
There is a relationship between the relative values of dynamics, implementation of the plan and the planned target:
That is, the relative value of the dynamics can be obtained by the product of the relative values of the implementation of the plan and the planned task (the relative values must be taken in the form of coefficients, that is, without converting them into percentages).
Relative magnitude of structure characterizes the composition of the population being studied. It is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value of each element of the population to the absolute value of the entire population; those. as the ratio of a part to the whole, and represents the specific gravity of the part as a whole. As a rule, it is expressed as a percentage (the comparison base is taken as one hundred%), but can also be expressed in shares (the comparison base is 1).
Relative comparison value quantitative ratio of indicators of the same name related to different objects of statistical observation. For example: the number of different cities can be compared with each other, price levels in state stores (base) and in markets, etc.________________________________________________________________
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Relative magnitude of coordination one of the types of comparisons. Shows how many times the compared part of the population is larger or smaller than the part taken as the basis of comparison (base), i.e. essentially characterize the structure of the population being studied, sometimes more expressively than the relative size of the structure. For example: for every two specialists with a secondary specialized education, there is one specialist with a higher education.
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Relative intensity value shows how widespread a particular phenomenon is in a certain environment. They represent a ratio of opposite but interconnected absolute quantities. ___________________________________
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Unlike other relative quantities, relative intensity quantities are always expressed as named quantities and show how many units of one population are per unit of another population.
For example: food consumption per capita; provision of the population with durable household items per hundred families or per thousand people, etc.
Questions and tasks
1. What absolute values exist?___________________________________________
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2. What is the relationship between the relative magnitude of plan implementation, the relative magnitude of the plan target and the relative magnitude of dynamics?_______________
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3. How to determine the relative size of a structure?_________________________________
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Task No. 6
I. Use data from periodicals and give absolute and relative values that characterize any phenomenon of socio-economic life.
II. Solve problems.
To get an “excellent” grade, you need to solve all 5 problems, if the first two problems (6.1. and 6.2.) are solved - you qualify for “good”, and, finally, if only problem No. 6.1 is solved - your knowledge of Topic 6 “Absolute and relative values” will be assessed as “satisfactory”.
Problem No. 6.1
The supply of milk and dairy products for the reporting period is characterized by the following data: Table 5.
Determine the fulfillment of the supply agreement:
1) for each product;
2) for all products in conditionally natural terms (in terms of milk).
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Problem No. 6.2
Based on the given data, calculate for each store and in general the relative values of plan implementation, planned target and dynamics. Is there a relationship between the calculated indicators? Table 6.
Problem No. 6.3
The actual turnover of the trading company for the reporting period amounted to 270 thousand rubles. The company fulfilled the turnover plan for this period by 102.4%. Determine the turnover plan in thousand rubles.
Problem No. 6.4
The planned target for the store for retail turnover for the year is set at 4,700 thousand rubles. The store exceeded the plan by 3.7%. Calculate the actual turnover of the store in thousand rubles.
Problem No. 6.5
The plan for the reporting period was to increase trade turnover by 3%. The planned target was exceeded by 600 thousand rubles, which is 2.5%. Calculate the increase in turnover (in thousand rubles and in %) in the reporting period compared to the base period.
Conclusions:
Absolute and relative values are widely used in the study of socio-economic phenomena public life. Absolute values can be natural and cost (monetary). Relative values are used to characterize the fulfillment of contractual obligations, the dynamics and structure of statistical aggregates.
To achieve the intended goals, students were asked to:
Study the materials of the supporting summary, supplement them with personal examples;
Answer questions for self-control;
Complete practical task No. 6.
The concept of relative magnitude is very important for statistical and economic science. Or rather, not even the concept itself, but the process of calculating the relative value. How many times is one phenomenon greater or less than another, by what percentage did the increase occur, how the target indicator changed or how the plan was fulfilled; relative values help to find out all this. We have already discussed the general essence of relative quantities. This part of the topic will introduce the concept of a specific relative quantity and examples of its calculation.
In the first of three blocks, we will analyze the relative value of the plan target.
Relative value of the planned target
(hereinafter we will call it OVPP for short) - allows it to determine the planned task of the organization for the next year in comparison with what we have already done in the past period.
Simply put, the relative value of the planned target shows
, how the production plan for next year will change in comparison with the actual results achieved in the current year.
In different textbooks this relative value has a little different name. Sometimes she is called Relative indicator planned target
. But this does not change the essence of the quantity.
The basis for calculating the GPZ is the levels of the phenomenon being studied. In this situation it is:
Upl – planned level for the current period;
Ufact – the actual level achieved last year.
1. Form for calculating the growth rate – shows how many times the planned indicator exceeds the actual indicator of the previous year.
2. Growth rate calculation form
– shows what percentage the planned target for the next year will be in comparison with the actual value of the past year.
3. Form for calculating the growth rate – shows by what percentage they would like to increase output compared to the previous year; if the indicator turns out to be negative, then by how many percent they would like to reduce the target target.
Three forms of calculating indicators are necessary, since on the basis of them it is much easier to draw a conclusion about what should happen to the plan in the current year compared to achieved indicators last year.
Example . Product output in value terms in 2014 amounted to 143 million rubles. In 2015, it is planned to increase the cost of production to 150 million rubles. determine the relative value of the planned target, the percentage of the planned target and by what percentage it is planned to increase the cost of production.
Given
Solution
Uf.p.g. – 143 million rubles. 1.
OVPP = Upl2015 / Uf.p.g.2014 - 150 / 143 - 1.049
For pl - 150 million rubles. 2. %PV = OVPP x 100% = 1.049 x 100% = 104.9%
Define 3.Δ%PZ = OVPP x 100% - 100% = 1.049 x 100 - 100 = +4.9%
OVPP, %PZ, Δ%PZ Answer: OVPP=1.049, %PV=104.9%, Δ%PV=+4.9%
Thus, it has a GPZ of 1.049, or it is planned to increase the cost of issue by 1.049 times.
The percentage of the planned target (%PZ) for 2015 will be 104.9% or it is planned to increase the cost of production (Δ%PZ) by 4.9% in 2015 compared to 2014.
The relative value of the plan target in combination with two other relative values forms an interconnected unity. You can read more about the essence of the relationship in the article about. What is the relative magnitude of plan implementation?
Return to full.
Along with absolute values, one of the most important forms of generalizing indicators in statistics are relative values - these are generalizing indicators that express a measure of quantitative relationships inherent in specific phenomena or statistical objects. When calculating a relative value, the ratio of two interrelated values (mainly absolute values) is measured, which is very important in statistical analysis. Relative values are widely used in statistical research because they allow you to compare different indicators and make such comparisons clear.
Relative values are calculated as the ratio of two numbers. In this case, the numerator is called the value being compared, and the denominator is called the basis of relative comparison. Depending on the nature of the phenomenon being studied and the objectives of the study, the basic quantity can take on different values, which leads to different forms of expression of relative quantities. Relative values are measured in:
- coefficients: if the comparison base is taken to be 1, then the relative value is expressed as an integer or fractional number showing how many times one value is greater than the other or what part it makes up;
— percent, if the comparison base is taken as 100;
— ppm, if the comparison base is taken to be 1000;
— prodecimal, if the comparison base is taken to be 10000;
- named numbers (km, kg, ha), etc.
Relative values are divided into two groups:
- relative values obtained as a result of the ratio of the same statistical indicators;
— relative values representing the result of comparison of different statistical indicators.
The relative values of the first group include: relative values of dynamics, relative values of the plan task and plan implementation, relative values of structure, coordination and visibility.
The result of a comparison of indicators of the same name is a short ratio (coefficient) showing how many times the compared value is greater (or less) than the base one. The result can be expressed as a percentage, showing what percentage the compared value is of the base.
Relative dynamics characterize changes in a phenomenon over time. They show how many times the volume of a phenomenon has increased (or decreased) over a certain period of time; they are called growth coefficients. Growth rates can be calculated as percentages. To do this, ratios are multiplied by 100. They are called growth rates, which can be determined on a variable or constant basis.
Growth rates (T p) with a variable base are obtained by comparing the level of the phenomenon of each period with the level of the previous period. Growth rates with a constant comparison base are obtained by comparing the level of the phenomenon in each individual period with the level of one period taken as the base.
Growth rate in percentage with variable base (chain growth rate):
Where y 1; y 2; y 3; y 4;- levels of the phenomenon for the same consecutive periods (for example, product output by quarter of the year).
Growth rate on a constant basis (baseline growth rate):
; 
; . (4.2)
Where y k– a constant base of comparison.
— ratio of the indicator value according to the plan ( y pl) to its actual value in the previous period ( y o), i.e. at pl / at o.(4.3)
– the ratio of the actual (reported) value of the indicator ( at 1) to its value planned for the same period ( at pl), i.e. y 1 / y pl. (4.4)
The relative values of the plan target, plan implementation and dynamics are interconnected.
So, 
or ; . (4.5)
Relative magnitudes of structure characterize the share of individual parts in the total volume of the aggregate and are expressed in fractions of a unit or as a percentage.
Each relative value of the structure, expressed as a percentage, is called specific gravity. This value has one feature - the sum of the relative values of the population being studied is always equal to 100%, or 1 (depending on how it is expressed). Relative values of structure are used in the study of complex phenomena that fall into a number of groups or parts, to characterize the specific weight (share) of each group in the overall total.
Relative coordination values reflect the ratio of the numbers of two parts of the whole, i.e. show how many units of one group are on average per one, ten or one hundred units of another group of the population being studied (for example, how many employees are there per 100 workers). Relative coordination values characterize the relationship between individual parts of the population and one of them, taken as the basis of comparison. When determining this value, one of the parts of the whole is taken as a basis for comparison. Using this value, you can maintain the proportions between the components of the population. Indicators of coordination are, for example, the number of urban residents per 100 rural; the number of women per 100 men, etc. Characterizing the relationship between the individual parts of the whole, the relative values of coordination give them clarity and allow, if possible, to control the observance of optimal proportions.
Relative values of visibility (comparisons) reflect the results of a comparison of indicators of the same name that relate to the same period (or moment) of time, but to different objects or territories (for example, annual labor productivity is compared for two enterprises). They are also calculated in coefficients or percentages and show how many times one comparable value is greater or less than another.
Relative comparison values are widely used in the comparative assessment of various performance indicators of individual enterprises, cities, regions, and countries. In this case, for example, the results of the work of a particular enterprise, etc. are taken as a basis for comparison and are consistently correlated with the results of similar enterprises in other industries, regions, countries, etc.
The second group of relative values, which is the result of a comparison of different statistical indicators, is called relative intensity values.
They are named numbers and show the total of the numerator per one, ten, per hundred units of the denominator.
This group of relative values includes indicators of production per capita; indicators of consumption of food and non-food products per capita; indicators reflecting the provision of the population with material and cultural benefits; indicators characterizing technical equipment production, rational use of resources.
Relative intensity values are indicators that determine the degree of prevalence of a given phenomenon in any environment. They are calculated as the ratio of the absolute magnitude of a given phenomenon to the size of the environment in which it develops. Relative intensity values are widely used in statistical practice. An example of this value can be the ratio of the population to the area on which it lives, capital productivity, the provision of medical care to the population (the number of doctors per 10,000 population), the level of labor productivity (output per employee or per unit of working time), etc.
Thus, relative intensity values characterize the efficiency of using various types of resources (material, financial, labor), the social and cultural standard of living of the country’s population, and many other aspects of social life.
Relative intensity values are calculated by comparing opposite absolute quantities that are in a certain relationship with each other, and, unlike other types of relative quantities, they are usually named numbers and have the dimension of those absolute quantities whose ratio they express. However, in some cases, when the obtained calculation results are too small, they are multiplied for clarity by 1000 or 10,000, obtaining characteristics in ppm and prodecimal.
In the statistical study of social phenomena, absolute and relative values complement each other. If absolute values characterize the static nature of phenomena, then relative values make it possible to study the degree, dynamics, and intensity of development of phenomena. For the correct application and use of absolute and relative values in economic and statistical analysis, it is necessary:
- take into account the specifics of phenomena when choosing and calculating one or another type of absolute and relative quantities (since the quantitative side of phenomena, characterized by these quantities, is inextricably linked with their qualitative side);
- ensure the comparability of the compared and basic absolute values in terms of the volume and composition of the phenomena they represent, the correctness of the methods for obtaining the absolute values themselves;
— comprehensively use relative and absolute values in the analysis process and not separate them from each other (since the use of relative values alone in isolation from absolute ones can lead to inaccurate and even erroneous conclusions).
Development of plan targets is the process of justifying approved indicators on the basis of calculations and logical analysis of factors that have a significant impact on their value.
This process is creative in nature, since formalized procedures constitute only a certain part, and final decisions are made on the basis of an expert analysis of the results of calculations and a combination of various factors that can only be assessed qualitatively. Strictly speaking, in accordance with the previously given classification, this kind of solutions belongs to the category of semi-creative ones. Moreover, there is a tendency to improve that part of the planning decision-making process that lends itself to formalized calculations.
One of the basic formalized methods for justifying plan targets is direct calculation. This method involves a scrupulous calculation of each quantifiable factor in accordance with the scheme of their relationship (technological, budget, etc.).
At first glance, it seems that this method gives the most reliable results. Moreover, this impression is deceptive, since direct calculations (such as calculations) provide reliable data only regarding accomplished events. As for planned calculations for the future, the uncertainty inherent in future events significantly depreciates the value of direct calculations.
An alternative to direct calculations is the normative method, which allows you to predict future values of key planning indicators based on significantly simpler calculations than when using direct calculations. The root of this method is the multiplication of a standard indicator (always relative) by the value determined by the basic reference indicator. The standard indicator is determined on the basis of an analysis of the current situation and adjustments for the future using expert assessments. The basic indicator is determined on the basis of statistical data or a forecast of their expected value for the planned period.
The balance sheet method occupies a special place in the system of formalized planned calculations. Its meaning is to compare the results of two calculations performed using different methods and for different purposes. The first is the calculation of the need for any resource (material or financial), which is extremely important for achieving the planned target. The second is the calculation of the possibility of providing an extremely important type of resource to complete the same task. This calculation is made on the basis of an analysis of planned tasks for the production of relevant products or for the formation of the revenue side of the budget. Next, a comparison of needs and opportunities is carried out (as an option - a comparison of the expenditure and revenue parts of the budget).
If the possibilities are equal to or exceed the need, the plan is considered balanced. In this case, the excess of capabilities compared to needs is called a surplus. In those cases when needs exceed capabilities, the plan is considered deficient.
If the deficit (the difference between need and opportunity) is comparable to errors caused by inaccurate prediction of future events (usually no more than 3-4%), then such a plan should be considered balanced. A plan with a significantly larger deficit is obviously impossible to implement. If such a plan is approved, then as it progresses, adjustments are inevitable based on the actual situation. Such a plan cannot be considered scientifically sound. For this reason, its adoption usually has the character of a kind of compromise in the hope that life itself will tell you what needs to be cut back and what will have to be abandoned as the plan progresses, since a priori it is not always possible to predict this with sufficient accuracy.
The most complex method of formalizing planning calculations is the use of economic and mathematical models to optimize planning decisions. This method has many various options based on the use of different mathematical models. They are united by the fact that during the calculations a large number of options are calculated and the best one is determined from the perspective of a given criterion. At the same time, the volume of calculations is such that they can only be performed using electronic computers. The effectiveness of such calculations directly depends on the correspondence of the mathematical model to the assigned tasks.
A formalized planning method also includes “network planning”. In this case, planning calculations are combined with decision-making on operational management. All work and events that must be accomplished to achieve the final goal are depicted in the form of a network graph in accordance with their natural sequence. The duration in time and the amount of funding for each activity are usually estimated using the previously described method of expert assessment. As a result, with the help of a network graph, a “critical path” is identified, which requires increased attention in terms of operational regulation and ensuring the established deadline for completing the entire volume of planned work.
Absolute values- these are the results statistical observations. In statistics, unlike mathematics, all absolute quantities have a dimension (unit of measurement), and can also be positive and negative.
Units absolute values reflect the properties of units of the statistical population and can be simple, reflecting 1 property (for example, the mass of the cargo is measured in tons) or complex, reflecting several interrelated properties (for example, tonne-kilometer or kilowatt-hour).
Units absolute values can be 3 types:
Similarly, canning production products are measured in u.c.b. - conventional cans with a capacity of 1/3 liter. Similar products detergents is reduced to a conditional fat content of 40%.
Absolute values can be momentary or interval. Momentary absolute values show the level of the phenomenon or process being studied at a certain point in time or date (for example, the amount of money in your pocket or the value of fixed assets on the first day of the month). Interval absolute values are the final accumulated result for a certain period (interval) of time (for example, salary for a month, quarter or year). Interval absolute values, unlike moment ones, allow subsequent summation.
The absolute statistical value is denoted X, and their total number in the statistical aggregate is N.
The number of quantities with the same attribute value is indicated f and is called frequency(repetition, occurrence).
By themselves, absolute statistical values do not provide a complete picture of the phenomenon being studied, since they do not show its dynamics, structure, and relationships between parts. Relative statistical values are used for these purposes.
Relative statistic is the result of the relationship between two absolute statistical quantities.
If absolute quantities are correlated with the same dimension, then the resulting relative quantity will be dimensionless (the dimension will be reduced) and is called coefficient.
Often used artificial dimension of coefficients. It is obtained by multiplying them:
The artificial dimension of coefficients is used, as a rule, in colloquial speech and when formulating results, but it is not used in the calculations themselves. Most often, percentages are used, in which it is customary to express the obtained values of relative values.
More often instead of a name relative statistic a shorter synonymous term is used - index(from lat. index- indicator, coefficient).
Depending on the types of correlated absolute values when calculating relative values, different results are obtained. types of indexes: dynamics, plan task, plan implementation, structure, coordination, comparison, intensity.
Dynamics index(growth coefficient, growth rate) shows how many times the phenomenon or process being studied has changed over time. It is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value in the reporting (analyzed) period or point in time to the base (previous):
The criterion value of the dynamics index is “1”, that is: if iD>1 - there is an increase in the phenomenon over time; if iD=1 - stability; if iD
For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January, and 110 cars in February. Then the dynamics index will be iD = 110/100 = 1.1, which means an increase in car sales by a car dealership by 1.1 times or 10%
Schedule task index is the ratio of the planned absolute value to the basic value:
For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January, and planned to sell 120 cars in February. Then the plan target index will be iпз= 120/100 = 1.2, which means planning sales growth by 1.2 times or 20%
Plan execution index is the ratio of the actual absolute value obtained in the reporting period to the planned one:
For example, a car dealership sold 110 cars in February, although it was planned to sell 120 cars in February. Then the plan fulfillment index will be iвп= 110/120 = 0.917, which means the plan is 91.7% fulfilled, that is, the plan is underfulfilled by (100%-91.7%) = 8.3%.
Multiplying the indices of the planned task and plan execution, we obtain the dynamics index:
In the previously discussed example about a car dealership, if we multiply the obtained values of the plan task and plan fulfillment indices, we obtain the value of the dynamics index: 1.2 * 0.917 = 1.1.
Structure index(share, specific gravity) is the ratio of any part of a statistical aggregate to the sum of all its parts:
The structure index shows what proportion a particular part of the population makes up of the entire population.
For example, if in the group of students under consideration there are 20 girls and 10 young men, then the structure index (proportion) of girls will be equal to 20/(20+10) = 0.667, that is, the proportion of girls in the group is 66.7%.
Coordination Index- this is the ratio of one part of the statistical population to another part of it, taken as the basis of comparison:
The coordination index shows how many times more or what percentage one part of the statistical population is compared to another part taken as the basis of comparison.
For example, if in a group of students of 20 girls and 10 young men, we take the number of girls as a basis for comparison, then the coordination index of the number of young people will be 10/20 = 0.5, that is, the number of young people is 50% of the number of girls in the group.
Comparison Index is the ratio of values of the same absolute value in the same period or point in time, but for different objects or territories:
where A, B are characteristics of the objects or territories being compared.
For example, in January 2009, the number of residents in Nizhny Novgorod was approximately 1280 thousand people, and in Moscow - 10527 thousand people.
Let's take Moscow as object A (since it is customary to put a larger number in the numerator when calculating the comparison index), and Nizhny Novgorod as object B, then the comparison index for the number of residents of these cities will be 10527/1280 = 8.22 times, that is, in Moscow the number there are 8.22 times more inhabitants than in Nizhny Novgorod.
Intensity index- this is the ratio of the values of two interrelated absolute quantities with different dimensions, relating to one object or phenomenon.
For example, a bread store sold 500 loaves of bread and earned 10,000 rubles, then the intensity index will be 10,000/500 = 20 [rubles/loaf of bread], that is, the selling price of bread was 20 rubles. for a loaf.
Most fractional quantities are intensity indices.
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Relative value (indicator)- a statistical quantity that is a measure of the quantitative relationship of statistical indicators and reflects the relative sizes of socio-economic phenomena. This could be: the ratio of the numbers of different sets of phenomena, their individual characteristics; sizes of different features of the same population; the ratio of the planned and actual values of an indicator or the value of an indicator for the current and past time.
A relative quantity is obtained as the quotient of dividing one quantity, usually called current or reporting, to another, which is called basic value, basis of comparison or basis of relative magnitude. The base of a relative value is equal to one or any number that is a multiple of 10 (100, 1000, etc.). In the first case, the relative value is presented in the form of a multiple ratio, showing how many times the current value is greater than the base value, or what proportion the first is in relation to the second. In other cases - as a percentage, ppm (per thousand), etc. The compared values can be either the same name or different names (in the latter case, the relative values have names derived from the name of the compared values, for example, rub/person; rub/sq.m).
The following types of relative quantities are distinguished: plan target; implementation of the plan; speakers; intensity; coordination; structures; comparisons; level economic development.
Relative value of the planned target- the ratio of the value of the target indicator to the value of the same indicator in the base year.
Relative level of plan implementation- the ratio of the value of an indicator achieved over a period of time (or at some point in time) and its value established according to the plan for the same time. She has great importance as a means of monitoring and analyzing the implementation of plans. The relative amount of plan implementation is usually expressed as a percentage. The difference between the relative value of plan completion and 100% can be zero, have a positive or negative sign. A difference equal to zero indicates the exact implementation of the plan. If the target indicator is such that its increase is a positive phenomenon (for example, production), then a difference with a positive sign indicates an overfulfillment of the plan, and a negative difference indicates an underfulfillment. If the nature of the indicator is such that a decrease in its size is positive (for example, labor costs, material consumption per unit of production), then the excess of the actual value over the planned value indicates a failure to fulfill the plan, and if it is less than the planned value, then an overfulfilment of the plan.
The plan target can be expressed in the form of absolute or relative values. In the first case, the relative value of plan implementation is calculated as the ratio of the actual (reported) value to the planned value. In the second, to determine the relative value of plan implementation, it is necessary to find the ratio of the reported value to the one that was accepted as the base value when establishing the plan target, and relate (divide) the resulting relative value to the planned relative value.
Relative magnitude of dynamics- the ratio of the value of the indicator for a given time and its value for any similar previous time, taken as the basis of comparison. The relative magnitude of the dynamics characterizes the degree and rate of change of the indicator over time, in particular the growth rate. The relative magnitude of the dynamics is expressed as a multiple or as a percentage. If there is a series of dynamics of absolute values, then the relative value of the dynamics can be calculated as the ratio of the value of the indicator (the level of the dynamics series) for each subsequent time to its value for the time immediately preceding it or as the ratio to its value for the same time, taken as the base comparisons. In the first case, the relative magnitude of the dynamics is called relative magnitude of dynamics with a variable comparison base, or chain, in the second - with a constant comparison base, or basic The first show how the value of the indicator changes between individual periods of time, and the second show how the gradual change in its value occurs, starting from the initial (basic). Chain and basic relative quantities are widely used to study the rate of development of a phenomenon, to identify its trends and patterns.
If the levels of a series of dynamics are denoted by ( - the serial number of levels from 1 to n ), then the chain relative dynamics are:
 |
basic:
or in general 
Relative intensity value- the ratio of the sizes of two qualitatively different phenomena.
One of them is the environment (its size) in which the development of any process, phenomenon occurs or which are generated by it, the other is the process or phenomenon being studied (their magnitude). The relative intensity value characterizes the degree of development (distribution) of a particular process or phenomenon in a certain environment. For example, the ratio between the number of births during the year in a country and the average annual population. When calculating the relative intensity value, the base is equal to 1, 100, 1000, etc. The relative magnitude of intensity is often called intensity factor. For example, fertility rate, marriage rate. They show how many units of one value are in 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of another quantity with which comparison is made. Relative intensity values are also called relative magnitudes of degree or frequencies.
Relative magnitude of coordination- the ratio of the sizes of the parts to each other. It shows how many units of one part of the whole there are in 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of its other part. For example, how many women are there per 1000 men (in a country or in a particular region), office workers per 100 workers (at an enterprise, in a certain industry? National economy). Relative values of coordination make it possible to identify the discrepancy between individual parts of a single whole, between the sizes of heterogeneous but closely interrelated characteristics, and disproportions in the national economy.
Relative comparison value— the ratio of the values of indicators of the same name relating to different objects or different territories. For example, comparing the cost of similar products produced at two enterprises by dividing data for one enterprise by data for another enterprise. Relative comparison values give a clear idea of the relationship between the compared values and comparative assessment objects, regions of the country according to the compared indicator. Relative comparison values are sometimes called relative values of visibility. Relative comparison values are expressed as a multiple ratio (in times, fractions of a unit) or as a percentage.
Relative magnitude of structure- the ratio of the size of a part of a whole and the size of this whole. For example, the ratio of the size of a group of population units that have a certain sign, to the total number of units of this population (the ratio of the number of women and the number of men separately to the total population; the ratio of the number different categories industrial production personnel to its total number), or the ratio parts a certain amount to this amount (the ratio of family expenses on food to the total amount of the expenditure part of its budget; the ratio of costs of materials to the total amount of costs for the production of any product).
The relative value of the structure characterizes the composition, structure of the population, the structure of the process being studied, i.e. their internal structure according to one or another characteristic. Calculated over several periods (instants) of time, they give an idea of changes in the structure, called structural changes, about the patterns of its change.
The relative value of the structure is calculated in fractions of a unit or as a percentage.
Relative values of structure are also called relative values of the share, specific gravity.
Relative value of the level of economic development— the ratio of the values of the most important economic indicators (country, region, sector of the national economy) and the population size. For example, the ratio of the annual volume of national economic production and the average annual population. Sometimes relative values of the level of economic development are called relative values of intensity.
Relative value of the planned target(plan target indicator) is the ratio of the planned level of the indicator to its level achieved in the previous period (or in the period considered as the base)
The relative value of the plan target characterizes the prospects for the development of the phenomenon
VPZ = planned level for the future (next) period / actual level of the current (previous) period
Example: in 2007 the number of personnel was 120 people. In 2008, it was planned to reduce production and increase the number of employees to 100 people.
Solution:
OVPP = (100/120) *100% = 83.3% - 100% = -16.7%.
The company planned to reduce the number of personnel by 16.7%.
Relative level of plan implementation(plan implementation indicator) characterizes the degree of implementation of the plan.
OVVP = actual level of the current period / plan for the current period
Example: in 2007 the number of personnel was 120 people. In 2008, it was planned to reduce production and increase the number of employees to 100 people. But the number of employees increased over the year to 130 people.
Solution:
OVVP = (130 / 100)*100% = 130% - 100% = 30%.
The actual number of employees exceeded the planned level by 30%.
There is a relationship between the relative value of the plan target and the relative value of the plan implementation expressed in the formula: OVVP = OVD / OVPZ
Example: the company planned to reduce costs by 6%. The actual decrease compared to last year was 4%. How was the cost reduction plan implemented?
Solution:
ATS = (96 / 100) * 100% = 96% - 100% = - 4%
OVPP = (94 / 100)*100% = 94% - 100% = - 6%
OVVP = 96% / 94% = 102.1% - 100% = -2.1% the cost reduction plan was not fulfilled because the actual level exceeded the planned one by 2.1%.
Example: Insurance Company in 1997, it entered into contracts worth 500 thousand rubles. In 1998, she intends to conclude contracts in the amount of 510 thousand rubles. The relative value of the planned target will be equal to 102% (510 / 500)
Let's assume that the influence of various factors led to the fact that the insurance company actually concluded a road insurance policy in 1998 in the amount of 400 thousand rubles. In this case, the relative value of the execution fee will be equal to 78.4% (400/510)
The relative values of dynamics, plan target and plan completion are related by the following relationship:
OVP / OVRP = OVD
In our example: 1.02*0.784=0.8
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