Determine the productivity of an employee at the enterprise. Labor activity: productivity and its calculation

The higher the worker's productivity, the better the work productivity.

Labor productivity in economic literature is understood as efficiency of human labor- this is an actual calculation of how much a particular worker is capable of producing a certain amount of consumer goods in a specific period of time.

Or vice versa, how much time he will spend on processing a specific volume of goods. Labor productivity can be calculated using formulas.

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What is labor productivity?

Before we begin to define productivity, we must define what living labor is.

Living labor- this is work that expends energy, which is measured in calories. Living labor is divided into two categories: physical labor and mental labor.

However, material labor, that is, labor produced in any thing, product or service, is a completely different matter, because this type of work is labor already accomplished once before.

Every working person works in order to produce certain benefits for himself or those around him: these may include material products, or some types of services - the essence remains the same.

The main role in assessing the quality of this work is played by the so-called “productivity”, so first of all you should decide and understand: why you need to try constantly improve productivity your work?

PT is one of the main criteria by which the effectiveness of the labor activity of enterprise employees is assessed.

Labor standardization methods also help improve the efficiency of an enterprise. Read more about them.

The higher the PT indicators, and accordingly, the higher the production of a unit of manufactured goods per unit of time, the better performance at the enterprise, and, accordingly, less expenses are spent per unit of result, and revenue grows.

For example, the cost of electricity in the building, rental of premises for production and other related costs. And of course, an increase in the labor productivity coefficient should reduce expenses by a certain percentage.

Workers, like management, are interested in increasing labor productivity, since with a decrease in monthly labor costs, the number of employees can increase.

When measuring the level of work performed by employees, the indicator is used labor productivity (LP).

PT itself is an indicator reflecting the overall performance of any work activity, which displays data on the productivity of production activities for the production of any products during a specific period of time, after calculating which we receive a complete picture of the productivity of workers for a given time period (this can be a full year, month, day, one shift, hours, minutes and etc.).

You should also take into account the term “output”. This definition is called amount of labor produced by one worker. Using this indicator, a wide variety of types of labor activity are measured: it can be the production of material goods, the provision of services, and the sale of goods.

Formula PT is as follows: the volume of labor activity performed over a certain period of time must be divided by the number of workers.

How to determine labor productivity:

P=O/H

P here means labor productivity, ABOUT is the amount of work for a specific time period, and H is the number of employees, respectively.

Also, not only the indicator of labor productivity is often used, but common performance indicator. When deducing this indicator, in addition to labor costs, other types of resources are calculated: working capital, fixed capital, land.

This indicator characterizes the average volume of production per unit of all resources spent in production and sales. Output produced in units. labor spent is considered the most universal and most suitable indicator for most situations.

Watch the video on labor productivity in Russia:

What characterizes PT?

Speaking about the productivity of labor input in the creation of material goods, labor productivity is determined by the size of the product produced per unit of labor time, or the waste of labor capabilities per unit. products. In other words: the more material goods per unit. time the employee produces, the more PT will be accordingly.

There are two methods for measuring PT:

1. performance individual, or (living) labor;
2. performance general(total) labor.

The first of them is determined time costs in a specific production, in one of this organizations, and the second - temporary costs of materialized labor, which was carried out in any production processes and remained in the form of material goods and production elements that are consumed at this enterprise in the work process.

With the gradual development of the technical aspects of work processes and the improvement of the scientific and technical field of production, the percentage of costs for social labor increases, due to the fact that the need for the purchase of ever new equipment for workers, new means of production, etc. also increases.

And yet, speaking globally, then the cost of both individual and social labor per unit of material will steadily decrease. This is the essence of increasing the productivity of social labor.

General index

The way labor achievements change when changing from one time period to another is fully shown performance index. This indicator is critical for the overall performance assessment.

Productivity is affected not only by internal problems (lack of equipment, workplace problems, etc.), but also by external factors. Lack of investment is one of the most common such problems.

Important indicators

The level of labor productivity is characterized by such principles as production and labor intensity.

The first is a direct indicator, and the second is an inverse indicator.

Output produced in units. labor spent is considered the most universal and most suitable indicator for most situations.

The average descriptive number of employees or absolutely all employees of the company do differences between normal hourly and normal daily output, as well as indicators of normal output per 1 descriptive employee of the enterprise or person somehow connected with the creation of this product.

• Regular hourly output is determined by dividing the number of products produced over a given period of time by the number of hours actually worked during a given period of time.
• Daily output is determined by dividing the number of products produced during a given time period by the number of man-days worked during a given period. Man-days worked include both purely working periods and breaks, including downtime. For this reason, the size of a typical daily output depends on the average output and the actual length of the working day.
• Average monthly (three months, one year) output is calculated by dividing the products produced during the time period under study by the descriptive number of workers (or employees of the enterprise).

These indicators are interconnected:

1. Average daily output = average hourly output * normal day length;
2. Average monthly output per worker = average daily output * normal length of the month;
3. Average monthly output per employee = average monthly output * share of employees in the total percentage of employees.

Exactly the same mutual connection exists between dynamics indicators specified levels.

Output measurement(W) produced per unit. time is carried out by the ratio of all production (q) and labor time expenditure (T):

(t) creating a unit of production is equal to the time spent on one product:

Calculation methods

Cost

Let's sort it out main types of calculation of PT, and first of all this is the calculation of cost performance.

Let's say you are the owner of a complex of fast food restaurants. Your goal is find out the PT of one of the workshops of one of your restaurants, which prepares bacon sandwiches.

Let's imagine that this establishment has twenty cooks, all of whom are preparing fresh bacon sandwiches. Over the course of an entire shift, all the chefs manage to prepare one hundred thousand rubles worth of fresh produce.

Thus, in order to evaluate the performance of one employee, we need one hundred thousand rubles divided among 20 employees (cooks). We establish that on average one employee prepares, on average, bacon sandwiches worth five thousand rubles per shift.

If you want to know PT per employee per hour(under the initial condition that there will be eight hours in one shift), you will need to divide five thousand by eight hours, after which you will find out that in one hour one employee makes products worth 600 rubles.

This is the formula for calculating cost labor productivity:

Natural

The calculation of PT is made not only in monetary form. In addition to this method, there are other options available. One of these is natural method. It can be used in cases where your business produces a single or limited type of product.

Productivity with this method is measured either in meters, or in tons, or in pieces per unit of time.

Let's return to the already familiar example of a sandwich shop. Let's say that the menu of this establishment contains only one dish - bacon sandwiches. In that case PT is calculated as sandwiches produced/hour.

Let's say that the twenty cooks mentioned earlier prepare a thousand sandwiches in one shift. In this case, dividing a thousand portions into twenty workers, we determine that One worker creates fifty bacon sandwiches in one shift.. During one working hour of his shift (8 hours), one cook creates 6.25 units of product.

Formula for the natural method of calculating PT:

Conditionally natural

This method can be used in cases where An enterprise creates the same type of product, but the product differs from each other. In such a situation, according to calculations, you should consider all produced goods as certain conventional units.

For example, in a plant producing steel fasteners in one work shift, thirty workers produce: one hundred and twenty nails, thirty bolts and forty screws. If you want to calculate the overall production productivity, then you will need to use the metal product conversion factor.

It should take one thousand grams to make one hundred and twenty nails. iron, for thirty bolts - five hundred grams, and for forty screws - one thousand five hundred grams. Thus, summing up all finished metal products in their original form (iron): one thousand grams + five hundred grams + one thousand five hundred grams = three thousand grams of metal product.

The denominator in this case is the number of products produced in conventional units.

Labor

Labor method is based on measuring the dimensions of manufactured products To calculate which one should use technical labor intensity. To correctly calculate PT, you will need the size of the produced product in units. labor time divided by full working time.

To fully understand the situation, Let's look at a simple and clear example: Let's say that two kitchen workers prepared thirty items, assuming that it takes twenty-five minutes to prepare a single sandwich, as well as forty items. It takes fifteen minutes to make one sandwich.

Let's start calculating PT: the size of all prepared products of the enterprise is multiplied by the time of preparation of one single sandwich (30*25+40*15), after which all this is divided into a specific time period (you can choose yourself).

In this case, we are interested in data for one working hour, so we get the following picture: (30*25+40)*15)/(2*8*60)=11850/960= 12.3 items/hour.

One of the most important advantages of this method of calculating PT is the possibility of using it in the calculation all types of labor and services. However, if you want to use this method, you will need to know the cooking time per unit for all types of work, which is quite difficult for most.

The concept of labor intensity means waste of labor time to create a single unit of product.

T=RV/KP

T - means labor intensity, PB - working time, and KP - number of products.

Example: a couple of diner employees can prepare a thousand sandwiches in three days. Labor intensity in man-hours (assuming that the shift is eight hours long) will be equal to 2x3x8=46.

A more complex example: 7 employees made ten special pies for a holiday in five days. Calculation in progress total and specific labor intensity in man-hours. 7x5x8=280 man-hours – full labor intensity.

We will divide the already identified 280 man-hours into ten pies; 280/10 = 28 man-hours are needed to prepare a single holiday pie.

Using labor intensity as a measurement indicator will allow increase the level of accuracy in labor productivity calculations. You can also track the inverse relationship between labor intensity and PT. As the level of labor intensity decreases, productivity “increases” – and in the opposite direction.

Level of labor mechanization

Progress is developing by leaps and bounds, and while it is moving forward, the degree of automation of labor is also increasing, which has a beneficial effect on increasing labor productivity.

The more a person uses automated labor, the greater his ability to carry out material labor, and also the more live human labor is used less.

Workers of mechanized or automated labor are those who carry out their own labor activities with the support of automated devices, robots and other machines.

What is formula for the level of labor mechanization: Let's try to understand using an old example. For example, innovative equipment was brought to our sandwich restaurant and we decided to conduct an experiment.

Now Some products are produced using a conveyor and robotic devices, the other part is cut and prepared by chefs in the old fashioned way by hand. In order to prepare sandwiches manually, eighty company employees were invited to the project, and twenty were invited to prepare food using an automated apparatus.

Necessary find out the level of mechanization of the entire enterprise. Given that a total of thirty workers were sent to prepare the sandwiches. Ten of them are mechanical workers, providing equipment with work. In this case, we divide one hundred by twenty, multiply by 100%. 20/100*100% = 20% automated labor.

The formula looks like this:

Formulas

There are many formulas for finding labor productivity in one form or another. Let's look at some of them.

Balance calculation

When calculating PT indicators, information from the enterprise’s balance sheet can be used.

How is PT calculated on this balance: PT=(V*(1–Kp))/(T*N)

Explanation:

• V– the size of all products that were produced at the enterprise on the balance sheet (transferred in line 2130);
• KP– coefficient;
• T– labor costs of a single worker;
• N– number of employees, average for the list.

Productivity growth

The growth of PT depends on a large number external factors.

How to calculate the rate of acceleration of PT growth:

Tp = (P1/P2)*100%

• Tp– growth rate;
• P1– indicator at the end of the period;
• P2– indicator at the very beginning of the period.

Before carrying out the corresponding calculation, it is necessary to conduct a full check at the enterprise. Production and labor intensity will help characterize how staff actually work, and in accordance with the data received, specialists will make predictions about the future of the organization.

Growth Rate Calculation

The change in PT for a specific time period in terms of output (B) or labor intensity (T) can be determined using these formulas:

PT=(Wo/Wb)×100 or PT=(Tb/To)×100

• According to this formula Bo And Bb- this is the production of a product both in the reporting and in the base time periods in specific measuring systems;
• That And TB- this is the labor intensity of products in the reporting base periods (standard hours and man-hours).

PT index

• Q0, Q1- this is the exact size of the production or production of the base and reporting time period, in constant prices or constant standards;
• T0, T1– the exact number of employees of the enterprise, or employees of the same period;
• W0, W1– output per 1 employee, employee of the specified period.

Average performance

The calculation of the average PT is carried out to calculate a large number of items produced. goods of varying labor intensity:

Av = ΣQi * Ki

in which:

• Avg is the average PT;
• Qi – quantity of each type of goods produced;
• Ki is the labor intensity coefficient of any of the variants of this same product.

PT level

PT = [(Tr o -Tr b)/Tr b ]x100%.

PT = [(V o -V b)/V b ]x100%

• В о – production output in the reporting period;
• B – production output in the base period;
• T r o – labor intensity of products in the reporting period;
• Тр b – labor intensity of products in the base period;
• PT - labor productivity index as a percentage.

Gain

ΔPT=[E h /(H r -E h)]*100%

• E h – planned personnel savings;
• H r – the number of workers (employees involved in the production process).

PT of one worker

PT=(Q*(1–Kp))/T1.

Sentinel

Increasing labor productivity among workers is logical and natural measure, which is achieved with the competent implementation of new technologies and maintaining order in your production. Without such measures, any organization will inevitably face stagnation and then decline.

Timely data analysis will allow you to see labor productivity statistics and take timely measures to improve production.

Characterized by labor productivity indicators.

Labor productivity is an economic category that expresses the degree of fruitfulness of the purposeful activities of people in the production of material and spiritual goods.

Labor productivity is determined by the amount of products (volume of work) produced by an employee per unit of time (hour, shift, quarter, year) or the amount of time spent on producing a unit of product (performing a specific job).

Labor productivity is calculated through a system of indicators of output and labor intensity. Output is calculated as the quotient of dividing the volume of work performed (products produced) by the number of employees (labor costs). Labor intensity— dividing labor costs (number of workers) by the volume of work (products). Indicators of production and labor intensity can be calculated in monetary terms, in standard hours, in physical terms and in conditionally natural terms. Output characterizes the volume of work (products) per unit of strength, and labor intensity characterizes labor costs per unit of production (work).

Labor productivity changes under the influence of factors that can be external to the enterprise and internal.

• natural— in difficult natural conditions (fog, heat, cold, humidity), labor productivity decreases;
• political- by the will of the state, capital is accumulated in the hands of a few, which leads to a massive reluctance to work;
• general economic— credit, tax policy, systems of permits (licenses) and quotas, freedom of entrepreneurship, etc.

• change in volume and structure;
• application of achievements of science and technology in production;
• improving the organization of production and management at the enterprise;
• improving the organization and stimulation of work.

When determining labor productivity, one should distinguish between normative (time spent according to current standards); planned (planned costs per unit of production) and actual labor intensity of products (this is the actual time spent).

Depending on the circle of workers whose labor is included in the labor intensity, a distinction is made between production (labor costs of the main workers), full (main + auxiliary workers) and total labor intensity (the entire industrial production enterprise).

The enterprise may have reserves for labor productivity growth- these are unused opportunities for intensification, for quantitative and qualitative increase in personnel and production potential, etc. Reserves are divided into current and future.

The use of enterprise personnel depends on management’s ability to influence the employee’s ability to work in order to direct them in the direction necessary for the company.

• in the gradual process of identifying staffing needs, planning to meet those needs through recruitment and placement;
• in the process of training, advanced training and retraining of personnel in accordance with the changing conditions of production and sales of products and works (services) by the enterprise;
• in improving the organization and working conditions worthy of modern production;
• in ensuring the movement of personnel both horizontally (expanding the range of specialties mastered, the number of units serviced, etc.) and vertically (assigning regular or extraordinary tariff grades, classes, categories, ranks and occupying higher positions;
• in the development of forms of mentoring and apprenticeship;
• in creating comfortable social and psychological working conditions for everyone and the team as a whole.

Labor productivity statistics and analysis

Labor productivity— characteristic of the effectiveness of productive activities over a certain period of time.

Productivity levels can be measured using output and labor intensity.

Output

The inverse indicator is labor intensity (t)

• Average hourly output. It is the ratio of the volume of output produced to the number of man-hours worked during a given period of time.
• Average daily output. Shows how much production was produced each day over a certain period of time. In order to calculate the average daily production time, it is necessary to divide the volume of products produced by the number of man-days spent on the production of a given volume (production time of a given volume).
• Average monthly output. It is the ratio of the volume of products produced per month to the average number of workers. The output for a quarter or a year can be calculated similarly.

Let's look at labor productivity statistics using the example of solving a problem

Define:

1. coefficients of the dynamics of the average annual output of workers for each enterprise that is part of the concern and for the totality of enterprises.
2. the impact on changes in production of changes in the efficiency of personnel use at each enterprise and the personnel structure;

Average annual output = Volume of products produced per year / Average number of workers

• SGV_1_0 = 150,000 rubles / 300 people = 500 rubles/person
• SGV_1_1 = 204,000 rubles / 400 people = 510 rubles/person
• DSGV_1 = 510/500 = 1.02

Compared to the previous period, in the reporting period the first enterprise increased its average annual output by 2%.

• SGV_2_0 = 500,000 rub / 200 people = 2500 rub/person
• SGV_2_1 = 1,040,000 rubles / 400 people = 2,600 rubles/person
• DSGV_2 = 2600/2500 = 1.02

Compared to the previous period, in the reporting period the second enterprise increased its average annual output by 2%

Now we count for the concern as a whole.

SGV_0 = 650000 / 500 =1300 rub/person

SGV_1 = 1244000 / 800 = 1555 rub/person

DSGV = 1555 / 1300 = 1.19

The overall productivity (average annual output) for the concern increased by 19%.

2. Use indexes

Let's check the correctness of the indexes. To do this, the sum of the individual indices must equal the change in the overall index.

Labor productivity analysis

Analysis of labor productivity is expressed by the following indicators:

• summary indicators: average annual, average daily, average hourly production per worker, as well as average annual production per worker. These indicators are determined by dividing the volume of production in rubles or in standard hours by the number of workers or all industrial production personnel;
• private indicators reflect the time spent on producing a unit of product or show how much product of a particular type in physical terms is produced per unit of time;
• auxiliary indicators give an idea of ​​the time spent on performing a unit of any work or the volume of work performed per unit of time.

• extensive factors, i.e. use of working time;
• intensive factors, i.e. reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products through the introduction of new technology, mechanization and automation of production processes, improving technology and organization of production, implementing organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products.

The most important factors for increasing labor productivity are intensive, i.e. reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products. Labor intensity represents the cost of working time to produce a unit of product or its total volume.

Influence of individual factors on average output:

On average number of days, worked by one worker per year is affected by all-day downtime, absences from work with the permission of the administration, due to illness, absenteeism;

On average working day intra-shift downtime, shorter working hours for teenagers and nursing mothers, and overtime work have an impact. When analyzing, it is necessary to identify the causes of any unjustified losses of working time and outline ways to eliminate these causes;

On average hourly output per worker influence: fulfillment of production standards by piece workers, changes in the structure of production, i.e. the share of products with different labor intensity and price, implementation of organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products.

Labor productivity planning

Labor productivity planning- part of the performance management process, which involves strategic and operational planning, organization, management and ongoing monitoring of the implementation of activities aimed at improving productivity.

Labor productivity planning methods:

Direct counting method— provides the opportunity to calculate the reduction in the number of personnel under the influence of specific organizational measures and the corresponding increase in labor productivity.

1. The planned number of personnel for individual categories is determined, taking into account its possible reduction as a result of planned activities.
2. Based on the calculated planned number of personnel and planned production output, the level of labor productivity and the rate of its growth compared to the base period are determined.

Factorial method— involves identifying factors that influence the level and growth of labor productivity and assessing their impact.

1. Initially, the basic number of personnel for the planned period is determined, subject to maintaining basic labor productivity.
2. The expected change in the number of personnel under the influence of each of the selected factors is calculated by comparing labor costs for the planned volume of production under planned and basic conditions.
3. The total change in the base number and increase in labor productivity in the planning period.

Factors of labor productivity growth

Labor productivity is an important criterion when assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise and employees separately. The greater the labor productivity, the lower the costs incurred in the production of all products. With the help of productivity, such an important indicator as the profitability of the enterprise is determined.

Calculation of labor productivity allows you to find out the degree of productivity of workers over a certain period of time. Based on the calculated data, the manager can subsequently plan the work of the enterprise, calculate the expected volume of products and revenue. Calculating labor productivity allows you to make an estimate for the purchase of materials for production in the required quantity, as well as hire the required number of workers.

Methods for calculating labor productivity

Labor productivity is calculated in man-hours, days, months. These indicators correspond to indicators of hourly, daily and monthly labor productivity.

Hourly labor productivity characterizes the level of productivity during actual daily work. In addition, this indicator has the peculiarity of influencing the use of working time within the day. Monthly productivity is also able to take into account the impact of changes in the length of the working month. Depending on the units adopted and the volume of production of products, a distinction is made between the cost, natural and labor methods.

Labor productivity indicators

The labor productivity indicator is characterized by output and labor intensity. The calculation of labor productivity in terms of output is made by indicating the volume of products that is produced by one worker during the period under consideration. Calculation of labor productivity by labor intensity indicates the amount of time spent by a worker on the production of one unit of goods. The output indicator is related to the average number of workers and the time spent on production. The production formula is as follows:

B=Q/T or B=Q/N

Here Q manufactured products,

T – time of their production,

T – average number of employees.

Labor intensity reflects the amount of effort put in by one worker and is calculated using the formula:

R=N/V

The basis for calculating labor productivity is the balance sheet calculation, which is capable of calculating productivity for the organization as a whole. Calculation of labor productivity requires the value of work, which is indicated in the financial statements for the period of time under consideration. The general formula for labor productivity is as follows:

PT=ORP / SPP

Here ORP is the volume of manufactured products;

SSP is the average number of workers in the production process.

Labor productivity is also calculated based on the profit of the enterprise, calculating the amount of profit that the enterprise brings in a certain period of time. For a year or month, labor productivity is calculated as follows:

PT=V/R

Here PT is the average productivity,

B – amount of revenue,

SR – average number of workers for the period.

The value of labor productivity

An increase in labor productivity can reduce the enterprise's production costs. With the help of productivity growth, enterprises are able to significantly save on wages, increasing production profits.

1. significance for the entire economy and economy, which is associated with increased efficiency in the use of labor resources,
2. value for society, which relates to the ability of an organization to produce, and the population to buy, more goods.
3. value for a person or worker associated with a reduction in time, an increase in the cost of labor and satisfaction from the work itself.

Currently, many tools have been developed to analyze one’s own performance. These indicators also include labor productivity. The formula for calculating it is simple. And the result will show how effective the staff’s work is.

Performance

Labor productivity is an indicator of labor efficiency. It determines the result of labor in quantitative terms at a certain point in time.

The following indicators indicate labor productivity:

• production;
• labor intensity;
• labor productivity index.

These indicators will allow you to identify how many units of products can be sold (produced) in the company. Based on these data, you can form a production forecast and build a sales plan.

How to determine production?

Output is the total volume of work performed by one employee. This indicator can measure the results of sales of goods, provision of services, and production.
The production rate can be calculated using two values:

• the average number of workers taking part in the production process;
• time spent creating the product.

In the first option, the calculation of output will be as follows: B = V/N

B - output;

V - volume of work performed;

N is the average number of specialists directly involved in production.

Second option (based on the time spent): V = V / t

B - output;

V is the volume of work produced (actual output of finished products);

t - actual labor costs per unit of time of interest.

How to determine labor intensity?

Labor intensity is the amount of time spent by one worker on the production of one unit of service (good). That is, it is an inverse coefficient in relation to production.

T - labor intensity;

N - number (average) of specialists;

You can calculate the indicator per worker. Then the value of N must be equal to one.

T - labor intensity based on the time spent;

t - actual labor costs per unit of time of interest;

V - volume of released product (result of work or service).

Labor productivity. Calculation formula

Several formulas have been developed to calculate labor productivity. When calculating using any formulas, you need to take into account that:

• the volume of products produced must be calculated in units of manufactured goods;
• Only those personnel who are directly involved in production are taken into account (managers, lawyers, etc. are not taken into account).

Calculation of labor productivity taking into account factors of labor intensity and output can be made using the formulas:

Taking into account labor intensity: PT = (V * (1 - Kp)) / (T1 * H)

PT - labor productivity;

T is the labor intensity of one worker;

Кп — downtime coefficient;

V is the volume of output;

N is the average number of personnel.

Taking into account production: PT = [(Wo - Wb) / Wb] * 100%

PT—percentage performance indicator;

In - production output during the reporting period;

Vb - production output in the base period.

Labor productivity. Balance calculation formula

To calculate labor productivity indicators, you can use the organization’s balance sheet data. For example, an indicator of the volume of production.

Balance calculation formula: PT = (V * (1 - K p)) / (T * N)

V - volume of production according to the balance sheet (reflected in line 2130);

Kp - downtime, coefficient;

T - labor costs of one employee;

N - average number of employees.