Historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society. The concept of forms of organization of training

Distance Olympiad social studies 10th grade

1. (1 point) What term describes the statement of one of the lawyers: “If we do not take the word of the accused that he did not commit a crime, it would be logical not to trust his confession of committing a crime if there is no other, more compelling evidence”? Choose one answer.

a) the principle of inevitability of punishment b) the presumption of innocence c) legal capacity d) necessary defense e) the principle of justice

2. (1 point) Which term corresponds to the following definition: historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society? Choose one answer.

a) social institution b) social relations c) society d) social structure

3. (2 points)Which of the following refers to forms of rational knowledge? Select multiple answer options.

a) concept b) representation c) analogy d) judgment e) inference f) sensation

4. (3 points) Read about the conditions labor contract. Which of them contradict the Labor Code of the Russian Federation? Select multiple answer options.

(1) The employer concluded with 16-year-old Oleg employment contract without parental consent. (2) Oleg had to fulfill light work: Apply labels to beer and soda bottles. (3) Probation for him, as a minor, a shorter period was set - 2 weeks. (4) Since Oleg studies in secondary secondary school, the following operating mode was set for it: 4 days a week for 4 hours. (5) Oleg’s work was paid by the piece according to the rates existing at the enterprise.

a) 1st condition b) 2nd condition c) 3rd condition d) 4th condition e) 5th condition

5. (3 points) What terms need to be inserted instead of letters in the “Forms of Guilt” diagram? Write the answer as a combination of letters and numbers, without spaces between characters or punctuation marks, the letters must be in alphabetical order, for example, A1B3B4

1) carelessness 2) negligence 3) intent 4) frivolity

Answer: ___________________

6. (3 points)Solve an economic problem.

Lera’s grandmother’s anniversary is coming soon. Relatives, grandmother's friends, neighbors will come to visit. It was decided to have a party at home. Lerina’s mother can prepare dishes for the festive table. She will have to spend about 10 hours on this, instead of working in her specialty. She is a programmer, and an hour of her work costs on average 325 rubles. You can also hire a cook who undertakes to complete the work in the same time. His salary for a working day (8 hours) is 2,400 rubles. In an hour overtime work he asks for a 25% increase. Which option and how much (in monetary terms) will be more profitable for the family?

In your answer, write down only the number with the + or - sign, without spaces.

With a + sign, if it is more profitable for Lera’s mother to prepare a holiday dinner, for example, +250

With a - sign, if it would be more profitable to hire a cook, for example, -250

Answer: ___________________

7. (3 points) By choosing the correct answer to the questions provided, you will be able to follow the arrows to the letter, which is the solution to this puzzle. Select one answer option. Answer “yes” if the statement is true and you completely agree with it. Answer “no” if there is an error (inaccuracy) in the statement.

a) A b) B c) C d) D

8. (3 points)Determine which path the squirrel needs to take to findnut. “Pick up” all the letters you meet along the way and you will succeedname of social status. Write it down as an answer without any punctuation.

Answer: ___________________

If you answered correctly, you will be awarded 2 points. Get 1 more point by choosing an example of this social status. Choose one answer.

a) son b) grandfather c) father d) uncle

9. (6 points) Solve the mini crossword puzzle. Key assignments are presented not with verbal descriptions, but with drawings. Guess which term corresponds to each of them. For each correctly guessed word you will receive 1 point. Write your answers in the nominative case without any punctuation.

Enter the resulting words into the mini-crossword puzzle grid, focusing on the number of letters in the words. From the letters in the highlighted cells, make up another term. Write it as an answer and get 2 more points.

Answer: ___________________

And you can get 1 more point if you correctly determine which word

Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Social communities and social institutions

1. Types of social communities and their characteristic features

Social community is one of the important components of society. Social communities different types and types - these are forms of joint life activity of people, forms of human community. That is why their study is an important direction of sociological science. A social community is a really existing, empirically fixed set of individuals, distinguished by relative integrity and acting as an independent subject of the socio-historical process.

Social communities are relatively stable collections of people distinguished by more or less identical features (in all or some aspects of life), conditions and lifestyle, mass consciousness, and, to one degree or another, a commonality of social norms, value systems and interests.

Thus, the following can be identified as the main features of social communities: social institution, cultural

1) reality - social communities are not speculative abstractions or experimental artificial formations, but exist really, in reality itself. Their existence can be empirically documented and verified;

2) integrity - social communities are not a simple collection of individuals and social groups, but have the characteristics of integral systems;

3) acting as an object of social interaction - social communities themselves are the sources of their development. The formation and functioning of social communities occurs on the basis of social connections, social interaction and relationships.

Social communities are distinguished by a huge variety of specific historical and situationally determined types and forms. In terms of their quantitative composition, they range from two people to numerous international, economic and political movements. According to the duration of existence - from minutes and hours to centuries and millennia of ethnic groups, nationalities, nations. The density of connections between individuals ranges from closely knit groups and organizations to very vague, amorphous formations.

Various types of communities are formed on different objective grounds.

The following characteristics can be identified as such grounds:

1) character social production(production team, social and professional group);

2) ethnicity (nationalities, nations), which differ in their specificity economic activity, natural environment and other qualities;

3) natural socio-demographic factors (gender, age, social class, for example, student, etc.);

4) cultural characteristics (various cultural associations: theatrical, cinematic, etc.);

5) political orientations (political parties and social movements).

All social communities can be divided into mass and group.

Mass communities are collections of people identified on the basis of behavioral differences that are situational and not fixed. They are characterized by the following features:

1) are structurally undivided amorphous formations with rather expanded boundaries, with a direct qualitative and quantitative composition, without a clearly defined principle of inclusion in them;

2) they are characterized by a situational way of formation and existence, since they function within the boundaries of one or another specific activity, are impossible outside of it and therefore turn out to be unstable formations that change from case to case;

3) they are characterized by heterogeneity of composition, intergroup nature, that is, these societies overcome class, ethnic and other boundaries; due to their amorphous formation, they are not able to act as structural units of broader communities.

Group communities are collections of people that are distinguished by a stable nature of interaction, a high degree of cohesion, and homogeneity; they are most often included in larger social societies as structural elements.

Any community is formed on the basis of the same living conditions of the people from whom it is formed. However, a collection of people becomes a community only when they can realize this sameness and show their attitude towards it. In this regard, they develop a clear understanding of who is “us” and who is “stranger.”

Accordingly, an understanding of the unity of their interests in comparison with other communities arises.

Awareness of this unity is inherent in any social community. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between the nature of the foundation of society and the awareness of unity; the more general conditions lies at the basis of their formation, the greater the unity of a given community. Therefore, the most inherent awareness of unity for ethnic communities: nations, peoples, nationalities.

2. Social group as an object of sociological study. Types of social groups

P. Sorokin noted that “...history does not give us a person outside the group. We do not know an absolutely isolated person who lives without communication with other people. We are always given groups." Society is a collection of the most different groups: large and small, real and nominal, primary and secondary.

A social group is a collection of people who have common social characteristics and perform a socially necessary function in the general structure of the social division of labor and activity.

Such characteristics can be gender, age, nationality, race, profession, place of residence, income, power, education, etc.

First attempts to create social theory groups were undertaken in the 19th - early. XX centuries E. Durkheim, G. Tarde, G. Simmel, L. Gumplowicz, C. Cooley, F. Tennis.

In everyday life, the concept of “social group” is given a variety of interpretations.

In one case, the term is used to refer to a community of individuals physically and spatially located in the same place. An example of such a community could be individuals who are at a certain moment in a certain area or living in the same territory. Such a community is called an aggregation. Aggregation is a number of people gathered in a certain physical space and without conscious interaction.

The significance of a social group for an individual lies in the fact that a group is a certain system of activity, given by its place in the system of social division of labor. According to the place in the system public relations Sociologists distinguish between large and small social groups.

A large group is a group with a large number of members based on various types social connections that do not require mandatory personal contacts. Large social groups, in turn, can also be divided into several types:

Nominal groups are a set of people identified for the purposes of analysis according to some characteristic that has no social significance;

Real groups are communities of people who are capable of independent activity, i.e. can act as a single whole, are united by common goals, are aware of them, and strive to satisfy them through joint organized actions. These are groups such as class, ethnic group and other communities that are formed on the basis of a set of essential characteristics.

Large social groups rarely act as an object of sociological research, which is determined by their scale.

Much more often, a small social group acts as an elementary particle of society, concentrating all types of social connections.

A small social group is a small number of people who know each other well and constantly interact. Russian social psychologist G.M. Andreeva defines this phenomenon as a group in which social relations appear in the form of direct personal contacts.

Thus, the main group-forming factor in this case is direct personal contact. A small group has a number of distinctive features:

1) a limited number of members, usually no more than 20;

2) members of a small group are in direct contact, interacting for a certain time;

3) each member of the group interacts with all members;

4) belonging to a group is motivated by the hope of finding satisfaction of personal needs in it;

5) group members have common goals, as a rule, they develop general rules, standards, norms and values.

There are two basic forms of a small group: dyad and triad.

A dyad is a group of two people characterized by a more intimate relationship, such as a pair of lovers. A triad is an active interaction of three people, for whom emotionality and intimacy are less characteristic, but the division of labor is more developed.

There are different approaches to classifying small groups. Within one of them, it is customary to distinguish primary and secondary groups.

Primary group is a type of small group, characterized by a high degree of solidarity, closeness of its members, unity of goals and activities, voluntary participation and informal control over the behavior of its members, for example, family, peer group, group of friends, etc. For the first time, the term “primary group” ”introduced into scientific sociological circulation by C. Cooley. The author considered it as an elementary cell of the entire social organism.

The study of primary groups is important because of their enormous influence on the moral and spiritual education of a person. Stereotypes developed in such groups become part of the culture, moral postulates and role guidelines for a huge number of people.

A secondary group is a social group in which social contacts and relationships between members are impersonal. Emotional characteristics in such a group fade into the background, and the ability to perform certain functions and achieve a common goal comes to the fore. A secondary group can be called social communities connected to each other by an external connection, which, however, has a significant impact on their behavior.

In the classification of small groups, reference groups are also distinguished. A reference group is a real or imaginary group with which an individual relates himself as a standard and to the norms, goals, and values ​​of which he is guided in his behavior and self-esteem. The development of this social phenomenon was carried out by the American sociologist G. Hyman. In the course of his research, he found out that each person includes himself in several reference groups at once, although he does not formally belong to them.

When considering small social groups, it is customary to distinguish also membership groups - groups to which the individual actually belongs. In everyday life, it is not uncommon for value conflicts to arise between membership groups and reference groups. The result of this may be a severance of interpersonal ties, which threatens the destruction of the social group. In modern society, such phenomena are on a significant scale. First of all, this is due to the development of information technology.

3. Social quasi-groups. Social phenomenon of the crowd. Peculiarities of people's behavior in a crowd

In addition to these types of social groups, sociology distinguishes groups that appear unintentionally and are random in nature.

Such spontaneous unstable groups are called quasigroups. A quasigroup is a spontaneous (unstable) formation with short-term interaction of some kind. One of the most striking examples of a quasi-group is a crowd.

A crowd is a temporary gathering of people united in a confined space by a commonality of interests. The social structure of a crowd is usually simple - leaders and all other participants. Physically limited space leads to social interaction even in cases where people in the crowd try to avoid interpersonal contact. Depending on the nature of behavior and the formation of crowds, they can be divided into several types:

A random crowd has the most uncertain structure. For example, a gathering of people on the street near a traffic accident. In this form, crowds of people are united either by minor goals or by completely aimless pastime. Individuals are weakly emotionally involved in a random crowd and can freely separate themselves from it. However, with a certain change in conditions, such a crowd can quickly unite and acquire a general structure;

A scheduled crowd is a gathering of people that is pre-planned and relatively structured. For example, a crowd gathered at a stadium to watch a football match. In this case, the crowd is “conditioned” in the sense that the behavior of its members is influenced by certain, pre-established social norms;

An expressive crowd is a social quasi-group, which is usually organized for the personal pleasure of its members with the activity of people, which in itself is a goal and result. For example, a gathering of people at a rock festival;

Active crowd. The term “acting” refers to the entire complex of actions of the crowd. One of the most important forms of an active crowd is a gathering - an emotionally excited crowd that gravitates towards violent actions. Gatherings tend to have leaders who are single-minded in their aggressive intentions and who demand strict conformity from all members.

The actions of the gathering are aimed at a specific object and are short-term in nature. After this, the gathering, as a rule, breaks up.

A common example of a gathering is a cheering crowd, which has a very narrow focus and quickly disintegrates after achieving its goal. Another form of an active crowd is an insurrectionary crowd.

It is a violent and destructive collective explosion. Such a crowd differs from a gathering in that in uprisings the behavior is less structured, less purposeful and more unstable.

A rioting crowd may consist of different groups pursuing their own goals, but acting in similar ways at a critical moment. This type of crowd is least susceptible to various random phenomena from the outside; its actions are in most cases unpredictable.

Despite the fact that crowds vary greatly in character and behavior, it is possible to identify common features that characterize the behavior of people in any crowd:

1) suggestibility. People in a crowd tend to be more suggestible. They are more likely to accept the opinions, feelings and actions of the majority;

2) anonymity. The individual feels unrecognizable in the crowd. The crowd often acts as a whole, its individual members are not perceived or distinguished as individuals;

3) spontaneity. The people who make up a crowd tend to behave more spontaneously than under normal circumstances. As a rule, they do not think about their behavior and their actions are dictated solely by the emotions reigning in the crowd;

4) invulnerability. Because the people who make up the crowd are anonymous, they begin to feel outside of social control. For example, when an act of vandalism is carried out by football fans, each of the participants in the action absolves himself of responsibility, acting together with everyone as a single whole.

In a crowd, individual and status differences and social norms and taboos that operate under “normal” conditions lose their meaning. The crowd forces individuals to act and riot in the same way, crushing any attempt at resistance or doubt. The analogies with a mad flow, mudflow, etc. are clear here. But these are only analogies: the behavior of the most violent crowd has its own logic, and this is the logic of social action, the participants of which act as social beings. In an active crowd, especially in a close-knit one, one can always detect a more or less definite and stable structure of its own.

It is based on some traditional behavioral stereotype (religious or ethnic xenophobia, blood feud, Lynch law, etc.) and a role mechanism (for example, instigators, activists, loudmouths, etc.). Something similar exists in a situation of a disunited, panicked crowd (the stereotype of “save yourself as best you can” and the corresponding distribution of roles). This role-playing set is poor in the crowd.

4. The concept of a social institution. Signs, role and significance of social institutions

The foundation on which the entire society is built are social institutions. The term comes from the Latin “institutum” - “charter”. This concept was first introduced into scientific circulation by the American sociologist T. Veblein in his book “The Theory of the Leisure Class” in 1899.

A social institution is a system of values, norms and connections that organize people to meet their needs.

Externally, a social institution looks like a collection of persons and institutions, equipped with certain material means and performing a specific social function. From the content side, this is a certain system that is expedient oriented standards behavior of certain individuals in specific situations. Social institutions have historical origins and are in constant change and development. Their formation is called institutionalization.

Institutionalization is the process of defining and consolidating social norms, connections, statuses and roles, bringing them into a system that is capable of acting in the direction of satisfying some social need. This process consists of several stages:

1) the emergence of needs that can only be satisfied as a result of joint activities;

2) the emergence of norms and rules governing interaction to meet emerging needs;

3) adoption and implementation in practice of the emerging norms and rules;

4) creation of a system of statuses and roles covering all members of the institute.

Institutes have their own distinctive features:

Cultural symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem);

Codes of conduct (oath, oath);

Ideology, philosophy (mission).

Social institutions in society perform a significant set of functions:

1) reproductive - consolidation and reproduction of social relations, ensuring order and framework of activity;

2) regulatory - regulation of relationships between members of society by developing patterns of behavior;

3) socialization - transfer of social experience;

4) integrative - cohesion, interconnection and mutual responsibility of group members under the influence of institutional norms, rules, sanctions and a system of roles;

5) communicative - dissemination of information within the institute and throughout external environment, maintaining relationships with other institutions;

6) automation - the desire for independence.

The functions performed by an institution can be explicit or latent. The existence of latent functions of an institution allows us to talk about its ability to bring greater benefits to society than initially stated. Social institutions perform functions in society social management and social control.

Social institutions guide the behavior of community members through a system of sanctions and rewards. The formation of a system of sanctions is the main condition for institutionalization. Negative sanctions provide punishment for inaccurate, careless and incorrect execution. job responsibilities. Positive sanctions (gratitude, material rewards, creation of favorable conditions) are aimed at encouraging and stimulating correct and proactive behavior.

The social institution thus determines the orientation social activities and social relations through a mutually agreed upon system of expediently oriented standards of behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks being solved by the social institution. Each such institution is characterized by the presence of an activity goal, specific functions ensuring its achievement, a set of social positions and roles, as well as a system of sanctions that encourage desired behavior and suppress deviant behavior. Social institutions always perform socially significant functions and ensure the achievement of relatively stable social connections and relationships within the framework of the social organization of society.

Social needs unsatisfied by the institution give rise to new forces and normatively unregulated activities. In practice, the following ways out of this situation can be implemented:

1) reorientation of old social institutions;

2) creation of new social institutions;

3) reorientation of public consciousness.

In sociology, there is a generally accepted system of classifying social institutions into five types, which is based on the needs realized through institutions:

1) family - reproduction of the clan and socialization of the individual;

2) political institutions - the need for security and public order, with their help political power is established and maintained;

3) economic institutions - production and livelihood, they ensure the process of production and distribution of goods and services;

4) institutions of education and science - the need for obtaining and transferring knowledge and socialization;

5) the institution of religion - solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life.

A social institution should be distinguished from specific organizations, social groups and individuals. The methods of interaction and behavior prescribed by institutions are impersonal. Social institutions (social systems) do not consist of specific people; people participate in them, occupying certain positions, acquiring corresponding social statuses (position). For example, the institution of family is not specific parents, children and other family members. This is a certain system of formal and informal norms and rules, social statuses and roles on the basis of which family relationships are built.

To perform its functions, a social institution forms (creates) the necessary institutions within the framework of which its activities are organized. In addition, each institute must have the necessary funds and resources. For example, for the functioning of an educational institution, institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities are created, the necessary buildings are built, and funds are allocated.

The whole life of a person is organized, directed, supported and controlled by social institutions. So, for example, a child, as a rule, is born in one of the institutions of the health care institute - a maternity hospital; primary socialization takes place in the institution of the family; receives education and profession in various institutions of the educational institute; the security of the individual is ensured by such institutions as the state, government, courts, police, etc.; health care and social protection institutions support health.

As society develops, new social needs arise and new institutions are formed to satisfy them. At the same time, “old” institutions are either reformed or disappear completely. For example, the institution of monarchy in many countries was eliminated. It was replaced by such political institutions as the institution of the presidency and the institution of parliamentarism. And such institutions as the institutions of family and marriage, the institution of religion have been significantly transformed.

Literature

1. Volkov Yu.G. Sociology. Textbook for university students; Ed. V.I. Dobrenkova.2nd edition. - M.: Social and humanitarian publication.; R/n D: Phoenix, 2007-572 p.

2. Gorelov A.A. Sociology in questions and answers. - M.: Eksmo, 2009.-316 p.

3. Dobrenkov V.I. Sociology: Short course / Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.. M.: Infra-M., 2008-231p.

4. Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I. Methods of sociological research. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2009.- 860 p.

5. Kazarinova N.V. and others. Sociology: Textbook for universities M.: NOTA BENE, 2008.-269 p.

6. Kasyanov V.V. Sociology: exam answers._r/nD, 2009.-319p.

7. Kravchenko A.I. General sociology: training manual for universities - M.: Unity, 2007.- 479 p.

8. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: A textbook for students of non-sociological specialties, natural sciences and humanities universities. / Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. - St. Petersburg, etc. Peter, 2008 -431p.

9. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: Reader for universities - M.; Ekaterinburg: Academic project: Business book, 2010.-734p.

10. Lawsen Tony, Garrod Joan Sociology: A-Z Dictionary-reference book / Trans. from English - M.: Grand, 2009. - 602 p.

11. Samygin S.I. Sociology: 100 exam answers / S.I. Samygin, G.O. Petrov. - 3rd edition. - M.; R/nD: March, 2008.-234 p.

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Social institutions are historically established, stable forms of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at satisfying the fundamental needs of society Structure §Goals aimed at satisfying any social need; §Functions; §system of standard norms, rules and laws; §a set of social statuses and roles; §organization of interaction; §sanction system, § material resources and conditions for its functioning. Signs of attitude and patterns of behavior; symbolic cultural signs; utilitarian cultural traits; oral and written codes; ideology Functions Satisfying social needs Socialization Consolidating and reproducing social relations Regulatory Integrative Translating Communicative

Main groups of social institutions Social institutions Economic institutions Political institutions Property Market Money, etc. State Court Army Political parties etc. in Theological institutes Institutes in the field of family Family Science Marriage Education Motherhood Church Fatherhood, etc.

Signs of the main social institutions Family State Business Education Religion 1. Attitudes and patterns of behavior Affection Obedience Loyalty Responsibility Subordination Respect Productivity Economy Profit production Love of knowledge Worship attendance Reverence 2. Symbolic cultural signs Wedding ring Marriage ritual Flag Seal Coat of arms National anthem Factory mark Patent mark School emblem School songs Cross Icons Shrines 3. Utilitarian cultural features House, apartment Furniture Public buildings Public works Forms and forms Shop Factory Equipment Form and forms Classrooms Libraries Stadiums Church buildings Church props Literature

Signs of the main social institutions (continued) 4. Oral and written code Family prohibitions and assumptions Constitution Laws Contacts Licenses Student rules Faith Church prohibitions Academic freedom Progressive education Equality in learning Orthodoxy Baptistism Protestantism 5. Ideology Romantic love Compatibility Individualism State law Democracy Nationalism Monopolies Free trade right to work

Sociology of the family Family as a social institution Family as a small social group Studied: Social consciousness in the field of family and marriage relations Patterns of family behavior Role relationships in the family Efficiency of the family institution in implementing its main functions Social mechanism and changes in norms and values ​​Conditions for the formation and stages of family development Dynamics of marital relations relationships Dynamics of relationships between parents and children Distribution of responsibilities in the family Structure and functions of the family

Family typology Criteria Name Definition Consanguinal Number of generations Number of parents Number of children Family of non-relative spouses and their children Parental family Procreative family Family newly created by adult children Extended Affiliation Conjugal Family of origin Degree of kinship Family of blood relatives belonging to different generations Includes several generations ( grandparents, children) Nuclear Includes two generations (parents and children) Complete Has two parents Incomplete Has only one parent Childless One child Large family No children One child Three or more children

Family typology (continued) Type of marriage Matriarchal Dominance of a woman Social-role dominance of a man Material Social-role dominance of a woman Equilibrium Equilibrium of the social roles of men and women Polyandry Dominance (dominance, leadership) Economic dominance of men Paternal Dominance Patriarchal Polyandry is a rare form of polygamy in which a woman is in several marriages with different men. Polygyny Polygamy is a form of marriage in which a man is simultaneously in several marriages. Monogamy Monogamy, paired marriage

Typology of marriage Criteria Name Definition Partner is selected only from his own group Both spouses live with the husband's parents Matrilocal Both spouses live with the wife's parents Neolocal Both spouses live apart Both spouses live together Monogamy Marriage of one man to one woman Polygamy Marriage of more than two partners Group marriage Size marriage group Endogamy Unilocal Place of residence of the spouses Partner is chosen only from an out-group Patrilocal Choice of partners Exogamy Marriage union of several men with several women Paired family A type of monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Polyandry Polyandry

Historical changes in the institution of family Family in the past Patriarchal and authoritarian Few divorces Large family Permanent residence Modern family Restricted sexual behavior of women, strict sanctions for adultery. Puritanical morality for a married woman Individualistic and democratic Many divorces Small family Frequent changes of place of residence, mobility A woman is busy at home and works outside the home Liberated sexual behavior of a woman, mild sanctions for adultery. Liberal sexual model of behavior Double standard of behavior: freedom of extramarital affairs for men and prohibition of them for women Gradual abandonment of the double standard, freer sexual relations outside of marriage for men and women Informal and poorly organized sex education in the family Lack of childbearing planning The family performs many different functions Formal and well-established sex education outside the family Planning for childbirth The woman is constantly at home Personal and reproductive functions remain in the family

Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining social order through the use of power and includes such concepts as social norms, values, sanctions, power. Social norm existing in given society and the rule, standard, pattern of behavior adopted by the individual, which determines how he should behave in a given situation Sanctions Social values ​​The generally accepted and most significant ideals and goals of people in a given society are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms.

Classification of social norms By subject Universal Collective group By method Based on persuasion Based on coercion By form Rigidly fixed flexible By scope Political Economic Aesthetic Religious, etc. By Regulatory: By function, content of individual rights and freedoms; property relations; communication; activities of institutions; relations between states, etc. Evaluation norms Orienting Punishing Encouraging By importance General Local Fundamental and secondary By scale of application

Types of sanctions Formal Informal Positive Awards, scholarships, awards, Public titles, approval, friendly praise, applause, smile Negative Legal and Remarks, administrative ridicule, punishment, demotion, unflattering nickname, position, feuilleton, slander, excommunication, death penalty

Typology of methods of formal control Hard Soft Direct PJ Political repression, organized crime PM Constitution, Criminal Code Indirect QOL Economic sanctions of the international community CM Mass media

Deviant (deviant) behavior is an act, human activity, social phenomenon that does not correspond to the norms of behavior established in a given society. Negative deviation - crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide. Positive deviation - social creativity, heroism, genius, overmotivation.

Types of negative deviant behavior Destructive behavior causes harm to the individual and does not correspond to generally accepted social and moral norms (masochism). Antisocial behavior causes harm to individuals and social communities and manifests itself in alcoholism, drug addiction, and vagrancy. Delinquent (criminal) behavior Illegal behavior, expressed in violation of labor and military discipline, theft, robbery, rape, murder and other crimes.

Basic approaches to the essence of deviation Biological concepts (theories of physical types) (C. Lombroso, E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon) Certain physical traits predetermine various deviations from the norms committed by a person. Some people are bad from birth, have a specific body structure, congenital defects that stimulate their antisocial behavior and do not allow them to restrain base needs. Psychological concepts (S. Freud) The basis of psychoanalytic theories of deviant behavior is the study of conflicts occurring in the consciousness of the individual. Sociological approach (E. Durkheim) The social and structural factors of deviant behavior are studied, for example, anomie, inconsistency of values, moral norms and ideals. The theory of stigmatization (G.P. Becker) Stigmatization is the process of singling out and “branding” a person on the basis of some unacceptable deviations from the norm for the purpose of applying social sanctions and a stereotypical set of social reactions to him.

Types of deviant behavior according to R. Merton (the relationship between goals and means of achieving them) Conformism, an individual’s agreement with generally accepted goals and means of achieving them, a person’s blind following of other people’s opinions Innovation, the individual’s acceptance of goals, but a preference for using non-standard means to achieve them (“goal” justifies the means). Ritualism is a rejection of generally accepted goals, but at the same time using standard means for society. Retreatism (escapism) Rebellion (rebellion) complete rejection of social attitudes, changing social goals and means in accordance with one’s will and elevating them to the rank of socially significant ones.

R. Merton's typology of deviation Socially approved goals Socially approved means Ritualism + + – + Retreatism (escape from – – Rebellion – – Method of adaptation Conformism Innovation of reality)

It represents a historically established community and. Nationality, historically formed linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural. A nation is a historically established form of community of people who, as a rule, have common territories and economic life, language and spirituality. Historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people aimed at satisfaction. FAMILY is the smallest consanguineous group of people bound together by unity. Historical forms of social communities of people

A social institution is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people implementing certain functions. Social community. A nation is a historically established form of community of people who, as a rule, have a common territory and economic life, language and spirituality. progress is quite obvious and can be measured. Nationality is a historically established community of people. Historical forms of community of people

What are the names of forms, signs, symbols, texts. What is the name of a historically established stable community of people that arose on the basis of a common language, territory, what is it? Often the category social community is interpreted as too broad concept, unifying. A community of people, historically formed in the process of decomposition of tribal relations, based on a common language, territory and developing. What are the historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people called? The highest form of self-commitment is conscience. Conscience. Nationality is a historically established community of people united common territory, language, culture, follows. Society as a form of human life

A community of people with stable relationships, similar interests, and certain rules of behavior. A historically established group of compilers characterized by commonality. Historical forms of community of people: family, clan, nationality, nation. Historically established form of relations. Thus, a nationality is a historically established community of people. A nation is a historically established community of people

The first historical form of community of people is the kind of organization. Historically established, sustainable forms of organizing joint activities of people, aimed at satisfying fundamental needs. The highest form of ethnic community is called a nation. Historical forms of people living together are usually considered as pre-national communities and nations. Based on the works of Habermas, today there is a situation in society where the means mass communication. A historically established group of people united by a common origin and community

A nation is a historically established, transitory form of a community of people who, as a rule, have a common territory and economic life, language, etc.

1. Social institution- this is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people performing certain functions in society, the main one of which is the satisfaction of social needs.

2. Goals and functions of social institutions. Each social institution is characterized by the presence activity goals and specific functions, ensuring its achievement.

In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be identified: inheritance, power, property, family.

Within fundamental social institutions there are very distinct divisions into small institutions. For example, economic institutions, along with the basic institution of property, include many stable systems of relations - financial, production, marketing, organizational and management institutions. In the system of political institutions modern society, along with the key institution of power, the institutions of political representation, presidency, separation of powers, local self-government, parliamentarism, etc. are distinguished.

Social institutions:

· organize human activity into a certain system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of human behavior in various spheres of public life. For example, a social institution such as a school includes the roles of teacher and student, and a family includes the roles of parents and children. Certain role relationships develop between them, which are regulated by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are enshrined in law, others are supported by traditions, customs, and public opinion;

They include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;

They organize and coordinate many individual actions of people, giving them an organized and predictable character;

Ensure standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

3. Types of functions of social institutions:

· Explicit – officially declared, recognized and controlled by society

· Hidden – are carried out hidden or unintentionally (can develop into shadow institutions, for example, criminal ones).

When the discrepancy between these functions is large, a double standard of social relations arises, which threatens the stability of society. The situation is even more dangerous when, along with official institutions, so-called shadow institutions are formed, which take on the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures). 4. The importance of social institutions. Social institutions define society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.