Gnostic professions: list. Classification of professions

Profession- this is a limited (due to the division of labor) area of ​​application of a person’s physical and/or spiritual forces, giving him, in return for the labor he puts in, the opportunity to exist and develop; a certain type of work activity, characterized by the sum of requirements for the individual.

Speciality– type of occupation within a given profession.

For example, profession is turner. Specialties within this profession: turner-turner, turner-borer, turner-semi-automatic, turner-revolver. Profession: teacher. Specialties within this profession: teacher of physics and computer science, teacher of Russian language and literature, teacher of Russian and foreign languages, teacher of Russian as a foreign language, teacher of foreign language and literature, teacher of economics and law, teacher of fine arts, teacher of technology and entrepreneurship, etc. .d.

It should be noted that currently two concepts are used in everyday and scientific speech - teacher And teacher. However, traditionally there is an idea that the latter is much broader. Compare the definitions: “A teacher is a person who conveys to others the knowledge, skills, acquired experience, his understanding of life and attitude towards it. In a narrower sense, it is the position of a teacher of one or more academic subjects in a secondary school.”

Teacher is a general term used to refer to persons engaged in various types of educational activities. According to social status, teachers are divided into two types: a) professionals, i.e. persons who work for pay and usually have special training; b) persons who actually perform teaching and educational functions, being specialists in other fields. Informal teachers may include parents, various kinds of mentors, leaders of small groups, scientific schools, etc., whose knowledge and experience become the property of others.

Based on the acquired specialty, the employee is assigned one or another qualification. So, in accordance with the personnel training system at the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen graduates can be awarded the following qualifications (degrees, if we bear in mind the stepwise education system at the university): qualification (degree) bachelor can be obtained by a student upon completion of the basic educational program (EP) of higher professional education, designed for a four-year period of study; qualification certified specialist(for pedagogical specialties - this is a teacher) can be obtained when a student completes a continuous basic educational program of higher professional education, designed for a five-year period of study or, when mastering a stepped basic educational program at the previous level and obtaining a bachelor's qualification (degree) (the program is also designed for five-year period of study, including bachelor's degree); qualification (degree) master's degree can be obtained by mastering a step-by-step basic EP of higher professional education, subject to successful completion of the main EP of the previous stage and obtaining a bachelor's qualification (degree) (the program is designed for a six-year period of study, including a bachelor's degree).

You can navigate the tens of thousands of existing professions and specialties using the classification of professions.

Classification- this is a meaningful order of things, phenomena, dividing them into varieties according to some important characteristics. The most well-known classifications exist in botany and zoology, in Russian and foreign languages, in chemistry and history, etc. The classification should always be based on one or another classification feature or features. However, different authors may take different characteristics (bases) as the basis (attribute) of classification. There may be several classifications. You will encounter this phenomenon in the future when studying courses in theoretical and practical pedagogy, when different authors will take different grounds as the basis for classifications of methods (teaching, education, technologies).

The classification of professions on various grounds is presented in Table. 2.

Table 2

Classification of professions

The components of any type of labor are the subject of labor, the purpose of labor, tools and conditions of activity. A person’s awareness of these components of work influences the requirements for a particular profession.

Let us first dwell on the classification of professions proposed by E. A. Klimov ( on the subject of work), which divided all existing professions (specialties) into five types (groups).

First group professions. The subject on which the work is directed is technology. Conventionally, this group of professions is called “ man-technology" and denoted by a capital letter T.

This group of professions includes professions related to maintenance, repair, installation, adjustment, management (repairman, process equipment adjuster, driver, technician, mechanic); professions in the production and processing of metals, their mechanical assembly and installation, as well as in the assembly and installation of electrical equipment (mechanical mechanic, turner, steelmaker, watch assembler, physical engineer, etc.).

If the work of a specialist is aimed at installing and repairing any structures or structures, then these are professions - architect, builder, plumbing technician, etc.

Second group professions. These are professions like " man-man H. The subject of labor in this group of professions is serving another person and (or) interacting with him. The purpose of labor in this case can be education and training, development, information, services (domestic, commercial, medical). This group of professions may be associated with management and leadership of teams of people.

This group includes the following professions: guide, salesperson, manager, teacher, educator (in the broad sense of the word - kindergarten teacher, after-school group teacher, circle leader, educational psychologist, assistant, associate professor, professor, methodologist, etc.). In this case, we are talking about teachers not only of the school, but also of other educational institutions - a children's art center, a sports school, a children's room of the police, a center for the temporary stay of a child, a center for psychological and pedagogical assistance to parents, a university, a college, a college, etc.

Third group professions. The subject of labor here is nature. This group of professions " man-nature P.

Any object on earth, including man himself, belongs to nature, but when talking about professions like “man-nature”, by the subject of labor we mean living nature (plants, animals, microorganisms). Professions of this type may be associated with technology, but for them it is not a subject, but a means of labor (microbiologist, fish farmer, veterinary assistant, operator of livestock complexes and mechanized farms, florist, etc.).

Fourth group professions. The subject of labor here are signs - oral or written speech, numbers, chemical and physical symbols, notes, diagrams, maps, graphs, drawings, road signs, etc. These are professions like “ man-sign system", denoted by a capital letter 3 . This group of professions includes proofreader, editor, economist, stenographer-typist, draftsman, notographer, topographer, etc.

Fifth group professions. The subject of work here is artistic images formed by the individual in visual, musical, literary, artistic, and acting activities. This is a group of professions " man-artistic image", indicated by a capital letter X. This includes the professions of clothing designer, photographer, artist, musician, artist, musical instrument tuner, journalist, carpet maker, etc.

Depending on labor goals, i.e., from the fact that the main thing in a profession is to recognize, transform or search (research), accordingly, three classes of professions are distinguished - gnostic, transformative and exploratory (Table 3).

Table 3

Classification of professions by purpose of work

The next component is tools, means of production. What is a tool and what is a means of labor for a particular profession? Depending on the tools or means of production (which are divided into manual, machine, automated and functional means of the human body), professions are divided into four departments (Table 4).

Table 4

Classification of professions by tools

And finally, depending on conditions in which work is carried out(ordinary household conditions, open air conditions, unusual conditions, conditions of increased moral responsibility), four groups of professions are distinguished (Table 5).

Table 5

Classification of professions by working conditions

So, you have become acquainted with the types of professions determined by the subject of labor; classes of professions related to the goals of labor; departments of professions that depend on the tools of labor (or means of production) with the help of which the profession is carried out, and groups of professions determined by working conditions. This knowledge gives you the opportunity to present the classification of professions in the form of a table. 6, and any profession, including the profession of a teacher, should be presented in the form of a “pyramid” of profession (Fig. 2).

Table 6

Classification of professions

Of course, it is not always possible to classify a profession into one specific type, class, department, etc. It is often obvious that a profession belongs to several varieties: each profession of one type necessarily has characteristics of others, so one must understand that all classifications are conditional. The question remains which of the characteristics are dominant and which are secondary. As already mentioned, when analyzing a particular profession, one can identify four main features - the subject of labor, the purpose of labor, tools of labor, working conditions - and using their symbols, even write down the formula of the profession, consisting of several letters.

In the profession formula, each letter corresponds to one or another type, class, department, group of professions. For example, the profession of a turner. In terms of the subject of work, it belongs to the type of professions “man-technology”, in terms of purpose - to the class of transformative ones, in terms of means of labor - to the department of professions where machines are used, in terms of working conditions - to a group of specialists working in everyday conditions. Therefore, the formula for the profession of a turner may look like this: T, Pr, M, b (you must write T Pr M b, since punctuation marks are not placed between the letters in the formula).

From the formula of the profession, we can move on to the requirements that the profession places on the teacher’s personality, bearing in mind that this profession contains a number of contradictions. One of the most important contradictions is that, on the one hand, the profession of “teacher-educator” is one of the most widespread, and on the other hand, the tools of labor for this profession are the functional means of the body. Thus, those wishing to obtain the profession of a teacher must understand that the person who is applying for it must have health at a certain level, as well as the inclinations necessary for this profession, which over time can develop into the abilities necessary for a teacher, and, of course, the corresponding knowledge and skills.

In our reasoning, we rely on the structure of personality qualities developed by psychologist K. K. Platonov and used in the theory of developmental education (training is recognized as the leading force in a person’s mental development, the formation of a set of personality qualities).

K.K. Platonov has in mind four levels of personality development, which can be represented figuratively (if desired, depicted graphically) in the form of a well-known model of the structure of the atom.

IN personality models of K. K. Platonov there is the core of personality, which consists of hereditarily (biologically) determined personality qualities. This is a kind of first level in the personality structure - temperament level(or heredity). The qualities of the first level represent the characteristics of the nervous system, the emotional qualities of the individual, her needs (gender, age, etc.). The second level in the personality model is represented by features of mental processes. We are talking about sensations, perception, imagination, attention, memory, feelings, will, and in general about SUDs - methods of mental actions carried out in the learning process, mental and logical operations, such as association, comparison, abstraction, induction, deduction. The third level is individual's level of experience; it is represented by the well-known ZUNs (knowledge, abilities, skills) and SDP (effective-practical sphere), i.e., personality qualities that characterize the effective-practical sphere. These qualities are acquired only through practical activity. And finally, the fourth level is presented personality orientation(level of personality orientation). These are SUMs (self-governing mechanisms of personality), Self-concept, needs, orientation in general and SENs (sphere of aesthetic and moral qualities of a person), which are formed on the basis of and together with knowledge, skills and abilities (ZUNs).

The listed levels (1–4) in K. K. Platonov’s personality model, in addition to the idea of ​​personality as a “framework” of groups of its qualities, carry within them the idea of ​​personality as a highly complex system in which all levels of quality groups are interconnected by “radii”, like web. The radii (web) can be composed of qualities that the author calls the needs of the individual, the nature of his abilities, and the self-concept.

The concepts of “professiogram” and “psychogram”. Types of professional programs. In the second half of the 1920s. domestic psychotechnicians intensively developed principles and methods for analyzing professional activity. The generalization of these studies led to the formulation of a special approach in psychotechnics - professionography. The essence of this approach is reflected in the name itself (“description of professions”). In general, the concept of professionography includes the process of studying, psychological characteristics and design of a profession. When professionalizing, the signs of objects that are the central components of any labor process are always studied: the subject of labor, the subject, tasks, tools and working conditions.

The results of vocational testing are documented in a vocational chart, which includes a description of working conditions, the rights and responsibilities of the employee, the necessary knowledge, abilities and skills, professionally important qualities, as well as contraindications for health reasons.

It is important for a modern practicing psychologist and career counselor to understand how a competent description of various types of professional work is compiled, what general characteristics are used to fully consider professions. In addition to using ready-made descriptions of professions (professiograms), a career consultant should be prepared to independently identify and describe the features of professions that are characteristic of the specific conditions of their city or region and are not presented in professionograms for general use. In addition, in some cases there is a need to independently consider individual (particularly interesting) professions together with the client.

In the most general terms professiogram– this is a descriptive and technological characteristic of various types of professional activities, made according to a certain scheme and to solve certain problems.

An important concept in labor psychology is the psychogram, understood as the identification and description of the human qualities necessary for the successful performance of a given work activity. These qualities are called professionally important qualities.

In modern professionography there is another important concept - system professiogram(according to E.M. Ivanova), which refers to the very technology of psychological study of the subject of labor, it seems to combine the professionogram itself and the psychogram (based on the descriptive and technological characteristics of the profession according to a certain scheme).

Based on goals and objectives, for which certain descriptive systems of professions are intended, E. M. Ivanova identifies the following types of professionograms:

· informational professionograms (intended for use in career consulting and career guidance work to inform clients about those professions that have aroused their interest);

· showing possible prospects for changes in the profession itself;

· the focus of the professionogram on solving practical problems (the professionogram as the basis for professional selection, vocational training, labor rationalization, etc.);

· identification and description of various uncompensated professional psychological qualities (PPC), as well as those qualities that can be compensated.

Options for drawing up professional charts. A.K. Markova analyzes and distinguishes the following main types of professionograms according to their content and structure:

· comprehensive professional profile(according to K.K. Platonov, Yu.V. Kotelova, etc.), which takes into account a wide range of characteristics (social, technical, economic, medical and hygienic, etc.), and also indicates the subject, goals, method, criteria for evaluating results etc.;

· analytical professional chart(according to E. M. Ivanova), which reveals not individual characteristics of the components of the profession, but generalized normative indicators of the profession and indicators of the psychological structure of professional activity. At the same time, the objective characteristics of labor and the psychological characteristics of labor are specially analyzed, which ultimately makes it possible to identify PVCs that correspond to these tasks;

· psychologically oriented professional program(according to E.I. Garber), where the following are highlighted: 1) description of the external picture of labor, labor behavior - photograph of the working day, timing of working time when performing specific tasks, time dynamics of production activity, typical mistakes, etc.; 2) internal picture of work - typical personality reactions to certain professional situations, integral formations of the worker’s personality (abilities, learning structures and experience), mental states (intellectual and emotional processes, emotions, will, attention, memory, psychomotor skills);

· “modular approach” in professional development(according to V. E. Gavrilov). The psychological module itself is “a typical element of professional activity, inherent in a number of professions and identified on the basis of the common requirements for a person.” Module structure: 1) objective characteristics of a typical element (for example, for a worker - measuring objects without the help of tools and instruments - this is the first, left, part of the module); 2) psychological characteristics of the requirements for a person imposed by this element (for example, for a worker - volumetric and linear eye measurement, accuracy - the other, right, part of the module). Each profession consists of several modules. The number of possible modules is less than the number of all professions, therefore it is more expedient (and more economical) to study these modules and from them compose a description of the professions themselves;

· “task-personal modular approach” to vocational training. The general scheme of task-personal occupational mapping involves an analysis of the profession (based on the identification of professional tasks). The “profession module” itself is understood in this case as “a set of units of the object and subject of labor activity.” The module thus includes “a combination of not just a separate normative labor action and a desired psychological quality, but a combination of a specific labor task and the associated subject, conditions, actions, results (the left side of the module) with a number of psychological qualities (the right side of the module )". In this case, it is advisable to highlight: 1) priority, core, core professional tasks and 2) derivative, auxiliary tasks.

A.K. Markova lists basic requirements for a professional program:

· clear identification of the subject and result of work (to which the main efforts of a person are directed);

· highlighting not individual components and aspects of work, but a description of holistic professional activity;

· demonstration of possible lines of human development in a given profession.

The world of professions is diverse and dynamic: some professions disappear, others appear. Do you know who is the “Buyer” and who is the “Underwriter”? Many of you will now use the Internet to obtain information about these professions.

How well do you navigate the world of professions? How many professions do you know: 50, 100, 1000...? The “International Standard for the Classification of Occupations” (it turns out there is such a document!) describes 9,333 professions.

All professions are usually classified and grouped according to a number of common properties and characteristics. In our article we will present the three most common classifications of professions. Perhaps this information will allow you to identify yourself as a certain type and get a general idea of ​​your desired profession.

Classification by E.A. Klimova

In Russia, the most well-known classification of professions is proposed by E.A. Klimov, where the criterion is the attitude of a person (subject of labor) to the subject of labor.

All professions are correlated here with five main types:

1. "Man - nature" - Representatives of this type deal with plant and animal organisms, microorganisms and the conditions of their existence. For example, master fruit and vegetable grower, agronomist, livestock specialist, veterinarian, microbiologist.
2. "Man - technology" - workers deal with inanimate, technical objects of labor. For example, an assembler, a mechanical technician, a mechanical engineer, a food service technician, an electrical engineer.
3. "Man is a man" - The subject of interest, recognition, maintenance, transformation here are social systems, communities, population groups, people of different ages. For example, salesman, hairdresser, doctor, teacher, etc.
4. “Man is a sign system” - Natural and artificial languages, conventional signs, symbols, numbers, formulas are of interest. For example, a mathematician, publishing editor, programmer, linguist, etc.
5. “Man is an artistic image” - In professions of this type, the world is seen by the worker, first of all, as a kind of given in which one can find and highlight the beautiful, the wonderful. Such a person cares about the world as an area that can be transformed and into which beauty, convenience, and an emotionally affecting form of some content can be introduced. For example, a decorative artist, a restoration artist, a tuner of musical instruments, a ballet dancer, a drama theater actor, etc.

In addition, its classification divides professions according to goals, means of labor, and working conditions.

By labor goals:

"Gnostic Professions"(from the ancient Greek “gnosis” - knowledge, cognition).
There are many such professions associated with purely cognitive labor and, at the same time, organically included in the very depths of material production, and they are all very diverse.

"Transformative Professions"
Most professions are not purely Gnostic, but are associated with active changes in the properties and states of objects of labor. Cognition here is not an end in itself; it serves the transformative activity of man.

"Exploration professions"
In this class of professions, the goal of activity comes to the fore, which involves inventing something, coming up with something, finding a new solution.

By means of labor:

1. "Hand tools"(direct execution of the function).
   Laboratory assistant for chemical and bacteriological analysis, inspector of metalwork and machine tools, medical assistant, mechanic, cartographer, painter.
2. "Mechanized tools"(control of machines, mechanisms).
   Manually operated machines are created for processing, transforming, moving objects of labor, therefore typical professions for this division of the classification are excavator operator, turner, car driver.
3. "Automated tools"(control of machines, devices).
   Hatchery operator, programmable machine operator, magnetic recording operator.
4. "Functional means of the human body." Z Here we mean psychological means of labor - various kinds of mental standards (for example, for an acrobat - a mental model of a sequence of actions, for a conductor - figurative standards, etc.).

According to working conditions:

• "Domestic conditions"
  In such conditions, for example, a laboratory assistant, an accountant, or a programmer work.
• "Working outdoors».
  In conditions of sudden changes in temperature and humidity. These conditions are typical for an agronomist, an installer of steel and reinforced concrete structures, and a tractor operator.
• "Unusual working conditions"
  Under water, at height, underground, as well as in conditions of high temperature and others. Examples of professions are divers, miners, painters, installers.
• "Conditions with an increased level of moral responsibility"
  For human health and life or for great material social values. This group includes the professions of a teacher, judge, and salesperson.

Classification by J. Holland

Abroad today the typology is most known and popular J. Holland, based on a comparison of personality types and types of professional environment.

The following main types are distinguished (personality types and types of professional environment):

"Realistic type"
Realistic people are focused on the present. They are characterized by high emotional stability, well-developed motor skills, and dexterity. People of this type are endowed with spatial imagination. They give preference to activities with specific objects, choose professions with clear tasks and results (for example, driver, builder, tailor, cook).

"Intellectual type"
People of the intellectual type are characterized by high activity, analytical abilities, theoretical thinking, and a creative approach. They prefer work aimed at solving complex intellectual problems; most often they choose professions related to the exact and natural sciences: mathematics, physics, astronomy, etc.

"Social type"
People of the social type are focused on communication and interaction with people. They have pronounced communication abilities, feel and understand other people, strive to solve problems, taking into account emotions and feelings, and are capable of empathy and compassion. They prefer fields of activity such as medicine, pedagogy, and psychology.

"Conventional type"
People of the conventional type prefer pre-planned, structured activities, perform routine work well, and strictly adhere to existing instructions and regulations. They are good performers, but weak leaders. The need to make radical decisions and work on creative, non-standard tasks causes serious difficulties for this type of person. They manage to achieve the greatest effectiveness in professions that require clarity, attentiveness and resistance to monotonous activities (for example, financier, accountant, merchandising specialist, economist, office worker).

"Entrepreneurial type"
People of the enterprising type strive for leadership, need recognition, and prefer leadership roles. Their energy, enthusiasm and impulsiveness allow them to solve complex problems associated with leadership and promotion of ideas. They have well-developed communication skills, but are not suited for meticulous work that requires long-term concentration. People of this type choose professions that allow them to realize themselves to the maximum and satisfy the need for recognition - entrepreneur, manager, artist, journalist, diplomat, broker.

"Artistic type"
Artistic people have a complex outlook on life and are characterized by a deep emotional perception of reality. In relationships with others, they are guided by their sensations, emotions, imagination and intuition. Such people strive to stand out from the general environment. All these features allow them to choose creative professions related to drawing, music, photography, philology and history.

Classification of L.A. Yovaishi

1. "Sphere of Art"- professions of a creative nature related to visual, musical, literary, artistic, acting and stage activities. People of creative professions, in addition to special abilities (musical, literary, acting), are distinguished by originality and independence.
2. "Sphere of technical interests"-we are talking about practical activities here. The range of these professions is very wide - metal production and processing; assembly, installation of devices and mechanisms; repair, adjustment, maintenance of electronic and mechanical equipment; installation, repair of buildings, structures; transport management; manufacturing of products.
3. "Sphere of working with people"-professions related to management, training, education, services (household, medical, reference and information). People who are successful in professions of this group are distinguished by sociability, the ability to find a common language with different people, to understand their mood and intentions.
4. "Sphere of mental work"-professions related to scientific activities. In addition to special knowledge, such people are usually distinguished by rationality, independence of judgment, and an analytical mindset.
5. "Sphere of physical labor"-professions related to sports, travel, expeditionary work, security and operational investigative activities, and military service. All of them place special demands on physical fitness, health, and strong-willed qualities.
6. "Sphere of material interests"- professions related to calculations and planning (accountant, economist); office work, text analysis and transformation (editor, translator, linguist); schematic representation of objects (draftsman, topographer). These professions require concentration and accuracy from a person.

We recommend that you take one of the methods: “Differential Diagnostic Questionnaire” (DQ) E.A. Klimova, “Professional Preferences Questionnaire” (OPQ) by J. Holland, “Determination of Professional Interests” by L.A. Yovaishi. This will allow you to determine your professional type and take the first step towards professional choice.

Lectures on the discipline “Educational Psychology”

Profession - This is a type of work that requires certain preparation and is usually a source of material security and joy.

Speciality- a type of occupation within one profession

Job title- this is an official duty, a range of actions assigned to a person within the framework of the profession.

E.A. Klimov proposed a four-tier overview classification of professions based on the subject, goals, means and working conditions.

Working conditions

(where to work?)

Means of labor

(what to work with?)

Purpose of labor

(what to do?)

Subject of labor

(what to work with?)

According to the subject of work, all professions are divided: “Man – Nature”, “Man – Technology”, “Man – Sign”, “Man – Artistic Image”, “Man-Man”.

1. “Man is living nature” (P). Representatives of this type of professions deal with plant and animal organisms, microorganisms and their conditions of existence (master horticulturalist, agronomist, livestock specialist, veterinarian, microbiologist).

2. “Man is a man” (H). The subject of interest, service, recognition, transformation here are social systems, communities, population groups, people of different ages (salesperson, production engineer, doctor, teacher, social worker, hairdresser, manager).

3. “Man – technology” (T) and inanimate nature. Workers deal with non-living, technical objects of labor (assembly mechanic, mechanical technician, electrical mechanic, electrical engineer, process technician).

4. “Man is a sign system” (3). Natural and artificial languages, conventional signs, symbols, numbers, formulas - these are the subject worlds that representatives of this type of profession deal with (phototypesetting operator, programmer, cartographer, mathematician, publishing editor, linguist, translator, accountant, notary).

5. “Man is an artistic image” (X). Phenomena, facts of artistic reflection of reality - this is what occupies representatives of professions of this type (decorative artist, restoration artist, designer, tuner of musical instruments, concert performer, ballet dancer, dramatic theater actor).

Within each type of profession E.A. Klimov identified their classes based on goals (second tier): - Gnostic professions (G); – transformative (P); -research (I).

Based on the main tools and means of labor, four departments (third tier) are distinguished within each class: – manual labor professions (P);

Machine labor professions (manually operated machines are used for processing, moving, transforming objects of labor, therefore typical professions in this division are driver, machinist, etc.) (M);

Professions associated with the use of automated and automated systems (A) - CNC machine operators, etc.;

Professions associated with the predominance of functional means of labor (F) =

According to working conditions, professions can be divided into four groups (the fourth tier in the above diagram):

Working with microclimate conditions close to domestic, “room” ones (B): laboratory assistants, accountants, computer operators;

Work that requires being outdoors in any weather (O): agronomist, installer of steel and reinforced concrete structures, state traffic inspector;

Work in unusual conditions (at height, underground, under water, at high and low temperatures (-H): antenna mast operator, diver, mining machine operator, firefighter);

Work in conditions of increased moral responsibility for the life and health of people - adults or children, large material values ​​(M) (kindergarten teacher, teacher, doctor, investigator).

A person who sets himself the task of determining what he really wants and will do for a living, at some point begins to get lost, choosing from the sea of ​​possibilities the very specialization that appeals to him.

Model of the modern world

The model of the modern world is unlike the caste system that existed in India, and the agony of choice is felt especially acutely. The temporary prestige of the profession, the pressure of parents who want their child to have the life they themselves dreamed of, or simply the chooser’s wrong idea about the profession and about himself can confuse you and force you to waste your life on a job you hate. Anyone who is faced with the eternal dilemma of determining a future specialization, one way or another has to choose what is closer to him. At this moment, one or another classification of professions becomes relevant. Thanks to various classification options, it is not difficult to find the type of activity you need.

Types of occupational classifications

Considering the variety of professions, the number of which exceeds 20 thousand, existing classifications consider a variety of aspects of personality, objects or working conditions and combine them with the profession in which they are in demand.

Attempts to psychologically classify professions have been made since the 18th century. The domestic pioneer in this area was V.N. Tatishchev. Another classification was proposed by S.P. Strumilin at the beginning of the last century, which was based on the degree of human independence in work. She was very progressive for her time.

The world-famous classification of professions, developed by J. Holland, considers specializations in tandem with personality substructures. He focuses on a person’s value orientations, interests, already developed abilities and skills, motives, as well as his attitude towards a certain type of activity. J. Holland created a diagnostic technique that helps to easily determine a number of professions that are suitable for a given person.

Klimov’s classification of professions has been popular in Russian psychology for a long time. Professions are divided depending on the object of labor into 5 categories, each of which, in turn, is divided into three more subcategories. In addition, Klimov, within the framework of the described scheme, identifies several more complex groups of professions, taking into account the means of labor and working conditions. The main advantage of this method of classifying types of human activity is a clear structure that is understandable to everyone.

Classification of professions by J. Holland

Holland identified 6 personality types predisposed to a certain type of activity: social, intellectual, conventional, artistic, entrepreneurial and realistic. This psychological classification of professions selects for a person the type of activity that is most consonant with his interests and inclinations.

Holland personality types

The social personality type is characterized by developed communication skills. They help him successfully interact with society and can be useful not only to the person himself, but also to those around him. Accordingly, this personality type will fit well into an area of ​​work related to the social environment.

A realistic personality type will feel comfortable in those activities where the main goal is the creation and maintenance of material objects, technological processes or various devices.

The intellectual type, due to its developed intellectual abilities, is suitable for mental work.

The artistic personality type, due to its creative abilities, is predisposed to creative professions.

The entrepreneurial type is characteristic of successful managers who are able to organize not only themselves, but also those around them or subordinates. Has strong leadership qualities and is focused on managing people.

The conventional type copes well with activities where traditions or norms of behavior are important, and is suitable for clearly structured work.

Classification by S. P. Strumilin

This classification of working professions is based on the level of a person’s independence in the work process and consists of five types.

Automatic labor. Basically, these are conveyor works, strictly regulated, which involve the same type of small operations or work according to instructions that do not involve non-standard solutions.

Semi-automatic work. Work belonging to this type is not always carried out strictly according to the instructions, but consists of many similar actions.

Template-executive work. Strumilin included all types of machine and manual labor here.

Independent work. This is primarily the work of designers, architects or engineers. Self-employed people invent or design.

Free creative work. The last type of work involves professions such as artist, writer, composer, actor and others.

At the moment, it is no longer relevant, but it is an interesting example of a classification that characterizes the types of professions of that time.

Classification by E. A. Klimov

This classification of career choice is multi-level, but nevertheless easy to understand. There are 5 types of professions that are known to everyone since school. The classification of professions according to Klimov provides the following categories: “man - man”, “man - living nature”, “man - sign system”, “man - artistic image”, “man - technology”.

Decoding types of professions according to Klimov

"Man is a man." This type of profession is relevant for those who are interested in society, teams or other people. These professions involve serving people or social groups. These include a salesman, a teacher, a journalist, a doctor, a manager, and a psychologist.

"Man is living nature." People who are engaged in this type of profession deal with various living organisms, both plant and animal, as well as biological processes and microorganisms. This includes such types of work as biologist, botanist, veterinarian, dog handler, microbiologist, and agronomist.

"Man - technology." Objects of labor in this case are inanimate, technical objects. People working in this field deal with machines, mechanisms, various materials and types of energy. The list of jobs belonging to this type includes a builder, an architect, an electrician, and an assembler.

"Man is an artistic image." Professions in this category relate to creative work and involve visual, musical, literary or acting activities. Works of this type are painter, actor, ballet dancer, singer, musician, writer, screenwriter, conductor.

"Man is a sign system." This includes professions that are in one way or another connected with natural or artificial languages, numbers, formulas and symbols, such as programmer, linguist, translator.

The second tier of the Klimov classification

Klimov also divided all the types of professions considered into 3 types according to the tasks and goals of labor.

Gnostic. Most of the people working in this area are experts, assessing the quality of the product, diagnosing the operation of mechanisms or correcting the finished material. For example: literary critic, editor, taster of grape varieties, diagnostician of various techniques.

Transformative are professions whose goal is to change, repair, improve the quality of products or human life. These include a mechanic, a teacher, an accountant, and a master livestock breeder.

Research - professions that have the task of learning or creating something new and unique. This includes researchers, educators, artists, engineers, programmers.

In addition to the object, tasks and goals, the classification of professions takes into account the characteristics of professions, such as means and labor safety.

The world of professions is changing and diverse. To navigate the world of professions, classifications are needed. There can be many of them, since there are a variety of bases for their construction.

Adopted in 1957 International Standard Classification of Occupations(ISCO), created by the joint efforts of representatives of UNESCO, the UN and the World Health Organization. ISKP includes more than 7 thousand names of professions. The purpose of this classification is to summarize statistical data from different countries, build international programs related to labor (with issues of population migration, vocational education, wage analysis, placement of labor, etc.). In this classification, professions are grouped regardless of industry; the main criterion for grouping here is the nature of the work, the tools and means of production used, the raw materials used, and the education required.

Classification of professions by sectors of the national economy It is also multi-purpose; it is based on economic and technological criteria. Knowing that a particular profession belongs to a certain industry, one can imagine the nature of the product of labor, the type of technology used, the degree of danger of the profession in terms of the risk of occupational diseases and injuries.

Classification of professions for the purposes of occupational health and safety necessary for doctors to develop measures for the prevention and diagnosis of cases of occupational pathology. In 1913, at the expense of the Moscow Zemstvo, hygienist S.M. Bogoslovsky published the book “The System of Professional Classification,” which included seven types of hygienic groupings of professions.

In the 70s XX century was developed in our country classification of types of work by severity, understood as an integral indicator of the degree of adverse impact on health and functional state of the entire variety of labor factors, working conditions and workload (Slavina E.S., Makushin V.G., 1974).

Grouping of professions for the purpose of selection and rational placement of personnel in a separate enterprise or in the industry are compiled on the basis of certification of labor positions (positions).

Within the framework of labor history, technology can be developed historical classification as a grouping of professions in connection with historical eras, the level of development of technological progress, and forecasts of future changes in the world of work.

The classification of professions can be based on psychophysiological approach, the criterion for such classification is the required degree of development of mental and psychophysiological functions. An example would be the classification of types of work according to the degree of need for creative intellectual functions at work. In principle, groupings of professions can be constructed according to the requirements for mnemonic functions, psychomotor talent, types of intelligence, characteristics of professional communication, etc.

This kind of classification was proposed at the beginning of the 20th century. S. Piorkovsky identified groups of professions: inferior(unskilled labor); average(specialized industrial professions with requirements for the sensorimotor sphere or intelligence, but within limited limits); higher(requiring independent decisions, development of organizational functions and general intelligence). A similar version of the classification was also proposed by O. Lipman, the difference between his version was in the division of professions of the highest group: into gnostic (scientist); technical (engineer); and symbolizing (artist, poet, musician).

Well-known domestic economist S.G. Strumilin considered it useful to create a classification of professions according to the types of unpleasant aspects of work. He intended to take into account physical troubles(work fatigue, physical pain, dampness, uncomfortable temperature sensations); aesthetic problems(rhythm disharmony; light and sound dissonances, unpleasant odors, etc.); social problems(aimlessness, uninteresting work; vanity, poor organization of joint activities; lack of mutual support in common work; isolation from people). These manifestations of the negative aspects of professions were supposed to be kept in mind when determining the wages of workers, which should compensate them for the moral costs caused by negative emotions.

In the 60s XX century Leningrad scientists under the leadership of E.A. Klimov, the information retrieval system “Professiography” was created. This system involved a comprehensive study of professions (from the point of view of socio-economic, production and technical, sanitary and hygienic and psychophysiological). Classification characteristics of professions were combined into five groups:

1) general information about the profession(name of profession, specialty, type of work; belonging to a sector of the national economy, prevalence, number of employees, average earnings);

2) training(type of educational institution; duration of study; conditions of admission to study, level of final qualifications; prospects for professional growth);

3) typical production performance indicators(types of labor; subject and purpose of work; type of tools used; the most important responsibilities of the worker; types of difficulties, errors, the possibility of accidents due to the fault of the worker; the predominant type of activity in its content; forms of labor organization and the nature of social connections in work);

4) sanitary and hygienic working conditions(occupational hazards, medical contraindications);

5) psychophysiological characteristics of work(120 signs):

Sensory processes and perceptual actions;

Mental processes for storing, processing information, making decisions - observation, memory, thinking, speech functions;

Motor components of activity;

The emotional background of work activity – features of the regulation of work behavior, the nature of neuropsychic tension;

Individual and personal qualities - immunity to interference, endurance, speed, balance, activity, strong-willed qualities, hard work, communication, humanity.

Each symptom was assessed according to its severity; gradations were used: high and constant, high and periodic, moderate. As a result, each profession could be presented in the form of a graphic profile of the degree of expression of the structural components of professional activity, assessed on nine scales.

The variety of characteristics of work activity determines the possibilities of multifactorial classification of its types according to various classification criteria. As an example, one of the fragments of such a classification can be given.

1. Based on the nature of the workload of the subject of labor and his efforts to implement labor tasks, physical and mental labor are distinguished.

2. According to the characteristics of labor goals, workload, organization of the labor process, mental work is divided into:

Operational (managing), operator (information interaction with technology), creative - (standard - teaching, medical work, etc., non-standard - scientific work, composing musical, literary works, etc.), heuristic (invention).

Dynamic and static;

Monotonous (monotonous) and varied (in content, tempo, etc.).

3. Depending on the operating conditions, work is distinguished in comfortable conditions (hygienic environmental parameters within standard values), in unusual conditions with constant exposure to unfavorable factors (high pressure - diving work, low temperatures - polar explorers, information overload - dispatch work, etc.). etc.), in extreme conditions (with increased responsibility for success in work, people’s health and safety of equipment, as well as in case of danger to life, harm to health, etc.).

4. According to the form of organization of activity, the following types of labor are distinguished:

Regulated (with a certain work schedule), unregulated (with a free schedule), mixed (shift change, shift);

Individual and collective (joint).

E.A. proposed by Klimov “four-tier classification of professions”, which is built on the basis of a multifactorial principle.

The first tier consists of five types of professions based on the differences in their object systems:

1) man – living nature (W-N) – agronomist, microbiologist, etc.;

2) person - equipment (H-T) - mechanic, mechanic, computer operator;

3) person - person (H-H) - doctor, teacher, seller, etc.;

4) person – sign system (S-S) – mathematician, editor, etc.;

5) person - artistic image (CH-X) - conductor, artist, performer, etc.

On the second tier, within each type of profession, three classes are distinguished based on the goals of labor:

1) gnostic (from the Greek - “gnosis” - knowledge) professions (G) - taster (C-P), controller (C-T), sociologist (C-C), proofreader (C-Z), art critic (C -X);

2) transformative professions (P) - master livestock breeder (C-P), turner (C-T), teacher (C-C), accountant (C-Z), florist-decorator (C-X);

3) research professions (I) – pilot-observer (P-P), design engineer (C-T), educator (C-C), programmer (C-Z), composer (C-H);

At the third tier, each of the previous three classes of professions is divided into four departments based on the main tools (means) of labor:

1) manual labor professions (R) – plumbing supervisor (G-Ch-T), chemical analysis laboratory assistant (G-Ch-P), veterinarian (P-C-P), mechanic (P-C-T);

2) professions of machine-manual labor (M) - turner, car driver, excavator operator, etc.;

3) professions related to the use of automatic and automated systems (A) - operator of computer-controlled machines, air traffic controller, shift operator of nuclear power plants, etc.;

4) professions associated with the use of functional means of labor (F) - actor, acrobat, etc.;

On the fourth tier, in each of the four departments of professions, four groups of professions are distinguished based on working conditions (U):

1) work in a room with a normal microclimate (M) - laboratory assistant, accountant, etc.;

2) work outdoors (O) - agronomist, installer, traffic police inspector, etc.;

3) work in unusual conditions (N) - diver, high-altitude worker, miner, firefighter, etc.;

4) work in conditions of increased responsibility (T) - kindergarten teacher, teacher, doctor, investigator, etc.

The identified four tiers (groups) of characteristics are partially overlapping. The proposed classification allows, firstly, to give an overview of the world map of professions and, secondly, to draw up (using conventional letter symbols) an approximate formula for a certain profession.